Organic chemistry carboxylic acid

REACTION MECHANISMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Carboxylic Acid Derivatives... 

O. Sutherland, Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds, Carboxylic Acids, Phosphorous Compounds, S. 233-301, Pergamon Press, Oxford New York Toronto Sydney Paris Frankfurt 1979. 

Peptide Synthesis. Any synthesis of peptides must resort to some activation (cf. Chapt. 1-2) of the carboxyl or the amino group. One of the oldest methods of organic chemistry involves acid chlorides. In that case, the amino group of amino acids must be protected, e.g. by a carbobenzoxy residue ... 

The next several chapters deal with the chemistry of various oxygen containing func tional groups The interplay of these important classes of compounds—alcohols ethers aldehydes ketones carboxylic acids and derivatives of carboxylic acids— IS fundamental to organic chemistry and biochemistry... 

The chemistry of the carbonyl group is probably the single most important aspect of organic chemical reactivity Classes of compounds that contain the carbonyl group include many derived from carboxylic acids (acyl chlorides acid anhydrides esters and amides) as well as the two related classes discussed m this chapter aldehydes and ketones... 

The chemistry of carboxylic acids is the central theme of this chapter The impor tance of carboxylic acids is magnified when we realize that they are the parent com pounds of a large group of derivatives that includes acyl chlorides acid anhydrides esters and amides Those classes of compounds will be discussed m Chapter 20 Together this chapter and the next tell the story of some of the most fundamental struc tural types and functional group transformations m organic and biological chemistry... 

Carey Organic Chemistry I 19 Carboxylic Acids Fifth Edition... 

The most apparent chemical property of carboxylic acids their acidity has already been examined m earlier sections of this chapter Three reactions of carboxylic acids—con version to acyl chlorides reduction and esterification—have been encountered m pre vious chapters and are reviewed m Table 19 5 Acid catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids IS one of the fundamental reactions of organic chemistry and this portion of the chapter begins with an examination of the mechanism by which it occurs Later m Sec tions 19 16 and 19 17 two new reactions of carboxylic acids that are of synthetic value will be described... 

Carey Organic Chemistry I 20 Carboxylic Acid I Text... 

Carey Organic Chemistry, I 20. Carboxylic Acid Fifth Edition Derivatives Nucleophilic... 

When a Br nsted base functions catalytically by sharing an electron pair with a proton, it is acting as a general base catalyst, but when it shares the electron with an atom other than the proton it is (by definition) acting as a nucleophile. This other atom (electrophilic site) is usually carbon, but in organic chemistry it might also be, for example, phosphorus or silicon, whereas in inorganic chemistry it could be the central metal ion in a coordination complex. Here we consider nucleophilic reactions at unsaturated carbon, primarily at carbonyl carbon. Nucleophilic reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives have been well studied. These acyl transfer reactions can be represented by... 

The chemical properties of peptides and proteins are most easily considered in terms of the chemistry of their component functional groups. That is, they possess reactive amino and carboxyl termini and they display reactions characteristic of the chemistry of the R groups of their component amino acids. These reactions are familiar to us from Chapter 4 and from the study of organic chemistry and need not be repeated here. 

Alcohols are among the most versatile of all organic compounds. They occur widely in nature, are important industrial 7, and have an unusually rich chemistry. The most widely used methods of alcohol synthesis start with carbonyl compounds. Aldehydes, ketones, esters, and carboxylic acids are reduced by reaction with LiAlH4. Aldehydes, esters, and carboxylic acids yield primary alcohols (RCH2OH) on reduction ketones yield secondary alcohols (R2CHOH). 

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