Organic chemistry branched-chain

The ability of C to catenate (i.e. to form bonds to itself in compounds) is nowhere better illustrated than in the compounds it forms with H. Hydrocarbons occur in great variety in petroleum deposits and elsewhere, and form various homologous series in which the C atoms are linked into chains, branched chains and rings. The study of these compounds and their derivatives forms the subject of organic chemistry and is fully discussed in the many textbooks and treatises on that subject. The matter is further considered on p. 374 in relation to the much smaller ability of other Group 14 elements to form such catenated compounds. Methane, CH4, is the archetype of tetrahedral coordination in molecular compounds some of its properties are listed in Table 8.4 where they are compared with those of the... 

We can introduce short chain branches by means of many classic organic chemistry reactions. The variety of branches that can be introduced covers the full range that is accessible via standard reactions. 

Carbon atoms bond to each other to a much greater extent than any other element. They form long chains, branched chains and rings which may also contain chains attached to them. Millions of such compounds are known which constitutes the study of organic chemistry. 

In organic chemistry, it is customary to call a nonlinear molecule, like isobutane, a branched chain. However, polymer scientists use the term pendant group to label any group present on the repeat unit. Thus, PP... 

ALIPHATIC COMPOUND. An organic compound that can be regarded as a derivative of methane. CH4. Most aliphatic compounds are open carbon chains, straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated. Originally, the term was used to denote the higher (fatty) adds of the C H Oj series. The word is derived from the Greek term for oil, See also Compound (Chemical) and Organic Chemistry. 

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. A major branch or chemistry that is generally considered to embrace all substances except hydrocarbons and their derivatives, or substances that are not compounds of carbon, with the exception of carbon oxides and carbon disulfide. The chemical compounds, which are based upon chains or rings of carbon atoms, which are termed organic compounds, are studied under the separate heading of organic chemistry. See also Organic Chemistry. 

Why is carbon special, and why do chemists still treat organic chemistry as a separate branch of science The answers to these questions involve the ability of carbon atoms to bond together, forming long chains and rings. Of all the elements, only carbon is able to form such an immense array of compounds, from methane, with one carbon atom, to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), with tens of billions of carbon atoms. More than 19 million organic compounds have been made, and thousands of new ones are made each week in chemical laboratories throughout the world. 

Structural (or constitutional) isomers are compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas (that is, different arrangements of the atoms in the molecule). Isomerism is especially important in organic chemistry because of the capacity of carbon atoms to be arranged in so many different ways continuous chains, branched chains, and rings. Structural formulas can be written so that every bond is shown, or in various abbreviated forms. For example, the formula for n-pentane (n stands for normal) can be written as ... 

The modern definition of organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. What is so special about carbon that a whole branch of chemistry is devoted to its compounds Unlike most other elements, carbon forms strong bonds to other carbon atoms and to a wide variety of other elements. Chains and rings of carbon atoms can be built up to form an endless variety of molecules. It is this diversity of carbon compounds that provides the basis for life on Earth. Living creatures are composed largely of complex organic compounds that serve structural, chemical, or genetic functions. 

Although Wohler s experiment did not immediately disprove vitalism, it started a chain of similar experiments by other European chemists. Eventually, the idea that the synthesis of organic compounds required a vital force was discredited. Today the term organic compound is applied to all carbon-containing compounds with the primary exceptions of carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates, which are considered inorganic. An entire branch of chemistry, called organic chemistry, is devoted to the study of carbon compounds. 

You ve seen that both a straight-chain and a branched-chain alkane can have the same molecular formula. This fact illustrates a basic principle of organic chemistry the order and arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule determine its identity. Therefore, the name of an organic compound also must describe the molecular structure of the compound accurately. 

The naming process To name organic structures, chemists follow systematic rules approved by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC). Here are the rules for naming branched-chain alkanes. 

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon (C) compounds, all of which have covalent bonds. Carbon atoms can bond to each other to form open-chain compounds, Fig. 1.1(a), or cyclic (ring) compounds, Fig. 1.1(c). Both types can also have branches of C atoms, Fig. 1.1(b) and (d). Saturated compounds have C atoms bonded to each other by single bonds, C—C unsaturated compounds have C s joined by multiple bonds. Examples with double bonds and triple bonds are shown in Fig. 1.1(c). Cyclic compounds having at least one atom in the ring other than C (a heteroatom) are called heterocyclics, Fig. 1.1 (/). The heteroatoms are usually oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), or sulfur (S). 

Carbon can form more compounds than any other element because carbon atoms are able not only to form single, double, and triple carbon-carbon bonds, but also to link up with each other in chains and ring structures. The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds is organic chemistry. 

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