Optimization of Membrane Extraction

There are many techniques available for the preparation of volatile analytes prior to instrumental analysis. In this chapter the major techniques, leading primarily to gas chromatographic analysis, have been explored. It is seen that the classical techniques purge and trap, static headspace extraction, and liquid-liquid extraction still have important roles in chemical analysis of all sample types. New techniques, such as SPME and membrane extraction, offer promise as the needs for automation, field sampling, and solvent reduction increase. For whatever problems may confront the analyst, there is an appropriate technique available the main analytical difficulty may lie in choosing the most appropriate one. 

gratefully acknowledges the Robert Wood Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute for support during the sabbatical year in which this chapter was written. Special thanks go to Rebecca Polewczak (Clarkson University), who provided valuable assistance in organizing materials for this chapter. 

McNair and E. J. Bonelli, Basic Gas Chromatography, Varian Instrument, Palo Alto, CA, 1968. 

McNair and J. M. Miller, Basic Gas Chromatography, Wiley, New York, 1997. 

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