Optimal cooling

The resulting numerical prediction for the size-optimal cooling curve is shown in Figure 7.3. It predicts that in order to maximize the final sizes of the S-crystals, the temperature should be held constant for a period at both the start and end of the operation with a convex curve in between. This has the result of reducing both the early and terminal supersaturation levels and so maximizes solute deposition on the S-crystals and their growth rather than that of the A -crystals. Thus, programmed cooling is strictly sub-optimal , but nevertheless remarkably close to the optimum result in this case to be a practical alternative (Jones, 1974). 

The morphology of globular type is the most favourable when superplastic deformation is to occur in AI78wt%Zn alloy. This type of structure is formed by decomposition of the a solid solution a -> a + P However, plates usually dominate in the structure of this alloy. To obtain the non-plate or globular type, a special heat treatment is neccesary i.e. the optimal cooling rate as well as the temperature and time of ageing. 

Optimal cooling water temperatures and cooling water flows in upper and lower reactor cooling circuits... 

Remill batch and final batch rotors should be designed in order to favor distributive mixing and, hence, optimized cooling effect. 

Optimal Cooling for a Reactor with an Exothermic Reversible Reaction... 

Fig. 22 Cooling curves of the disorder parameter for 32-mers in 32-sized cubic lattice with a conventional cooling program (dashed line) and an optimized cooling program (solid line). Polymers have a volume fraction of 0.0625 with B/Ec = 0 and Ep/Ec = 1 [14]...

In conventional batch-cooling-crystallization a saturated solution is cooled from an initial temperature at which the solute has a high solubility to a final lower operating temperature (with lower solubility) along an optimal cooling curve. This cooling is used to maintain a reasonably constant level of supersaturation, and a constant crystal growth-rate. 

System Costs Say Optimize Cooling Nicoli, L. G. Jaske, R. T. Witt, P. A. 

The objective of programmed cooling is to control the rate at which the magma temperature is reduced so that supersaturation remains constant at some prescribed value, usually below the metastable limit associated with primary nucleation. Typically the batch is cooled slowly at the beginning of the cycle and more rapidly at the end. An analysis that supports this approach is presented later. In size-optimal cooling, the objective is to vary the cooling rate so that the supersaturation in the crystallizer is adjusted to produce an optimal crystal size distribution. 

D O Bono, V Bucala, J A Orejas, J A Porras, Co-currently Cooled Fixed Bed Reactors A Simple Approach to Optimal Cooling Design , AlChE J 1989, 35, 1899— 1902... 

Feng, L.L. Berglund, K.A. ATR-FTIR for determining optimal cooling curves for batch crystallization of succinic acid. Crystal Growth Design 2002, 2 (5), 449 52. 

Fig. 2. Microscopic images of the crystal products obtained with linear (A) and optimal cooling (B), using the optimal seed in both cases.

The electron cooler, which is positioned in a dispersive-free straight section, serves two different purposes. First, it reduces the phase space volume occupied by the ion beam by beam cooling. Coulomb collisions between electrons and ions give rise to a friction force which slows the velocity of those ions travelling with non-zero velocity in the reference frame of the electron beam. Optimal cooling is obtained when the ion and electron beams have the same velocity. Second, the electron beam acts as a target in the studies of collisions between ions and electrons. 

Today the quench is performing optimally, cooling fluegas as part of Dow Stade s clean air programme. Availability since the repair has been 100% and Dow Plastics engineers know from first-hand experience that GRP will continue to stand up to the rigours of their application. 

Figure 9.12. Natural, controlled constant nucleation) and size-optimal cooling modes in a batch crystallizer a) temperature profiles, b) supersaturation profiles...

Optimal cooling water outlet temperature from a heat exchanger, for which the capital cost of the heat exchanger is balanced against the cost of the cooling water. 

The improved TIS measurement procedure could also be adapted and applied to entire battery packs. Heat exchange with the cooling fluid could be andyzed this way in order to optimize cooling architecture and operational strategies. 

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