Optical techniques for measurements of the converse effect

In the converse piezoelectric effect one usually applies voltage V or electric field E on the sample and measures displacement AZ or strain A///. From relation Al = 0Z33 V for the longitudinal effect, we see that even for materials with exceptionally high piezoelectric coefficient (do3 = 2000pm/V in pzn-pt) the displacement Al is only around 2 nm if 1 V is applied on the sample. For the same voltage the displacement is reduced to 0.2 nm in a typical pzt composition and to only tn 2 pm in quartz. The displacement can be increased by application 

13 Piezoelectric Relaxation and Nonlinearity investigated by Optical Interferometry 

Temperature dependent piezoelectric measurements are difficult to carry out using interferometric optical techniques, although recently some progress has been made in this direction [13]. 

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