Optical surface soiling

Preliminary research has shown that Brillouin fiber-optic sensing systems provide a possible method to detect leaks and third-party intrusion on a pipeline over distances of 25 km or more. Their intrinsic response to both temperature and mechanical strain allows for the separation of these parameters and the detection of anomalies in the scan profiles. In addition, the same sensor could be integrated into the pipeline system to detect possible ground movement relative to fixed reference points. Limited test results on surface loads associated with the intrusion of vehicles and people on a pipeline have demonstrated the sensitivity of the system and its ability to discriminate loads at different soil depths. 

Rates of sorption and desorption of phosphate. Eur. J. Soil Sd. 48 101-114 Strens, R.G.S. Wood, B.J. (1979) Diffuse reflectance spectra and optical properties of some iron and titanium oxides and oxyhydr-oxides. Min. Mag. 43 347—354 Stumm, W. Eurrer, G. (1987) The dissolution of oxides and aluminum silicates Examples of surface-coordination-controlled kinetics. 

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [252], a method based on an array of sensory polymers attached to fibre optics [253], has been used to determine down to 5 ppb and 100 ppb of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in soil. 

The geologists also took a careful look at the surface of the kouros. Patina refers to the distinctive changes that take place on the surface of many types of stone exposed to weathering and the elements for long periods of time. The Getty kouros has a tan/red patina on much of the surface and on the old breaks in the status as well. An optical microscope revealed that this patina was composed of iron oxide and soil and clay minerals. Both electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction determined that this patina was a continuous layer of calcite 10-15 pm in thickness. 

Wherever the radiant waves reaches, the rocks and soils are under drawing extension. If the drawing tension is larger than the limit of ultimate tensile strength, the free surfaces expand inside layer by layer. Reflected extension waves are approximately spherical waves from optical mirror virtual center O of explosives. 

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