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Optical refrigerators

Other more exotic refrigeration methods which are at an early stage of study have been proposed such as the optical refrigeration [44-48]. [Pg.185]

PRINCIPLES OF SOLID-STATE OPTICAL REFRIGERATION 2.1 Electronic States of Lanthanide Ions... [Pg.191]

The most successful solid-state optical refrigeration results to date have been achieved using solids doped with tripositive lanthanide (Ln ) ions. The 4f shell is only partially filled along the series from Ce to giving rise to electron... [Pg.191]

While the crystal-field interactions are relatively weak in lanthanides, they are an essential ingredient for solid-state optical refrigeration. Each multiplet has a (2/+ l)-fold degeneracy in the total angular momentum that... [Pg.192]

For an optical refrigerator, the photon occupation number n in the entropy flux rate (Eq. 16) has contributions from both the fluorescent photons of the refrigerator, rif v), and the ambient thermal photons, a(v). The latter is given... [Pg.200]

FIGURE 11 Energy and entropy fluxes for an optical refrigerator. [Pg.200]

Ln -doped solids for which laser cooling has been observed. Yb is advantageous for solid-state optical refrigeration because its large energy... [Pg.203]

The measurement of the sample temperature is clearly one of the key experiments in solid-state optical refrigerator research, and a great amount of work... [Pg.212]

See other pages where Optical refrigerators is mentioned: [Pg.179]    [Pg.179]    [Pg.181]    [Pg.181]    [Pg.182]    [Pg.183]    [Pg.183]    [Pg.184]    [Pg.185]    [Pg.186]    [Pg.186]    [Pg.187]    [Pg.187]    [Pg.188]    [Pg.189]    [Pg.190]    [Pg.191]    [Pg.193]    [Pg.195]    [Pg.197]    [Pg.199]    [Pg.200]    [Pg.200]    [Pg.201]    [Pg.201]    [Pg.203]    [Pg.203]    [Pg.205]    [Pg.207]    [Pg.209]    [Pg.211]    [Pg.213]    [Pg.214]    [Pg.215]    [Pg.215]    [Pg.216]    [Pg.217]    [Pg.219]    [Pg.221]    [Pg.222]    [Pg.223]    [Pg.225]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.181 , Pg.182 , Pg.183 , Pg.184 , Pg.185 , Pg.186 , Pg.187 , Pg.188 , Pg.189 , Pg.191 , Pg.192 , Pg.193 , Pg.194 , Pg.195 , Pg.196 , Pg.197 , Pg.198 , Pg.199 , Pg.200 , Pg.203 , Pg.203 , Pg.212 , Pg.214 , Pg.215 , Pg.221 , Pg.233 , Pg.236 , Pg.238 , Pg.245 , Pg.246 , Pg.249 , Pg.252 , Pg.253 ]



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Optical refrigeration

Solid-state optical refrigerators

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