Optical limiting properties

Nonlinear optical organic materials such as porphyrins, dyes, and phthalocyanines provide optical limiting properties for photonic devices to control light frequency and intensity in a predictable manner. The optical limit of CNTs composites is saturated at CNTs exceeding 3.8wt% relative to the polymer mass (Chen et al., 2002). Polymer/ CNT composites could also be used to protect human eyes, for example, optical elements, optical sensors, and optical switching (Cao et al., 2002). 

Goh HW, Goh SH, Xu GQ, Lee KY, Yang GY, Lee YW, Zhang WD (2003). Optical limiting properties of double-C60-end-capped poly(ethylene oxide), double-C -end-capped polyethylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide) blend, and double-C -end-capped poly(ethylene oxide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite. J. Phys. Chem. B 107 6056-6062. 

Xu, Y., et al., A graphene hybrid material covalently functionalized with porphyrin Synthesis and optical limiting property. Advanced Materials, 2009. 21(12) p. 1275-1279. 

Wu, H., et al., Solvothermal synthesis and optical limiting properties of carbon nanotube-based hybrids containing ternary chalcogenides. Carbon, 2012. 50(13) p. 4847-4855. 

The optical limiting properties of metal cluster compounds and some fullerene complexes have been studied by RSA, with some of the results... 

Larciprete, M., Sibilia, C., Paoloni, S. et al.. Accessing the optical limiting properties of metallo-dielectric photonic band gap strnctures, J. Appl. Phys., 93, 5013, 2003. 

Figure 3.106. Chemical structure and UV absorption spectra of organic compounds showing optical limiting properties in solution. (From Ref. [529] with permission of the American Institute of Physics.)...

The transmissivity decreases with the input intensity (Fig. 3.107) and dopant concentration (Fig. 3.108) [529]. The good agreement between experimental data and the theoretical predictions given by Eqs. (86) and (87) demonstrates the dominant role of TPA in causing the observed optical limiting properties of compound 94a [529]. 

Figure 3 compiles selected results obtained for optical limiting properties of materials containing gold or silver nanoparticles. Note that the ordinate axis shows the normalized transmission - that is, the transmission normalized to unity at low input fluence - and not the absolute one. All kinds of materials roughly present the... 

An application of microwave irradiation in the synthesis of fullerene-functionalized polycarbonates has recently been reported. The process is based on direct reaction of Ceo (1) and polycarbonate (62) in the presence of AIBN under the action of microwave irradiation [66]. The resulting Ceo-PC (63) material can be dissolved in common organic solvents and has optical limiting properties similar to those of C o itself. This material can be used for optical applications. 

H.-X. Wu, X.-Q. Qiu, R.-F. Cai, and S.-X. Qian. Poly(V-vinyl carbaz-ole)-grafted multiwaUed carbon nanotubes Synthesis via direct free radical reaction and optical limiting properties. Appl. Surf. ScL, 253(11) 5122-5128, March 2007. 

Optical limiting properties of fullerenes, porphyrins and phthalocyanines have attracted much attention because they have applications in passive solid-state sensors and the human eye protection from high-intensity visible light sources. ... 

Although metallophthalocyanines have been studied in detail, there are few reports on optical limiting properties of porphyrins. Blau et showed reverse saturable absorption (RSA) by cobalt and zinc TPP complexes. Fei et reported RSA in Fe(TPP). Nonlinear excited state absorption in a series of metallotexaphyrin compounds (Figure 37)... 

Figure 3.23 Experimental setup for the measurement of optical-limiting properties...

---