Optical image 398 INDEX

G. Martin and R. W. Hellwarth, Infra-red to optical image conversion by Bragg reflection from thermally induced index gratings, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 371-373, 1979. 

This chapter first provides a brief review of the physics involved in microlenses, particularly, optics. Refractive index, absorption, and reflectance of materials are dependent on the wavelength of light and are discussed. The relationship between lens parameters such as resolution, field of view, focal length, aberrations, depth of focus, image quality, and designs are also discussed. The chapter continues with a review of surface tension because most microlenses involve the liquid-liquid or air-liquid interfaces at some point. 

To be successful, molded optical elements of plastics must be produced with careful control of the fabricating process. In the case of these optical products it is particularly important that the molding conditions be carefully controlled to minimize molded-in stress. In addition to these stresses reducing the dimensional stability of the products leading to distorted images, the stresses themselves affect the quality of the image. This is a result of the fact that the stresses/strained areas have a different refractive index from that of the... 

For the application of QDs to three-dimensional biological imaging, a large two-photon absorption cross section is required to avoid cell damage by light irradiation. For application to optoelectronics, QDs should have a large nonlinear refractive index as well as fast response. Two-photon absorption and the optical Kerr effect of QDs are third-order nonlinear optical effects, which can be evaluated from the third-order nonlinear susceptibility, or the nonlinear refractive index, y, and the nonlinear absorption coefficient, p. Experimentally, third-order nonlinear optical parameters have been examined by four-wave mixing and Z-scan experiments. 

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