Open-ended instruction

All of this preliminary material sets the stage for the crux of our present inquiry, What is obvious This is a key inquiry for patent law and one of the most crucial yet challenging concepts to understand because its meaning goes to the core of the definition of inventiveness. We have seen and reviewed novelty and should well understand its predicates. Unlike novelty, however, obviousness is a much more open-ended inquiry. Whereas novelty instructed us that we were limited to a single reference, obviousness can be based on information separately incorporated from... 

Quir6s, C. A., T. Garcia, and J. A. Ashby. 1991. Farmer evaluations of technology methodology for open-ended evaluation. Instructional unit No. 1. Centro Intemacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia. 

This courseware is intended for seniors and graduate students, most of whom have solved a few open-ended problems but have not received instruction in a systematic approach to product and process design. To guide this instruction, the subject matter is presented in five parts. As discussed in Chapter 1, Figure 1.2 shows how these parts relate to the entire design process and to each other. All of the parts are presented at the senior level. 

Peirce confidently endorses the idea that lithium can be defined as a set of instructions aimed at permitting not only the identification but also the production of a specimen of lithium. This definition is clearly provisional and open-ended so that the word lithium will acquire new meanings as we learn more about the thing or stuff to which it refers. For Peirce reality appears to us xmder the form of a continuum within which there are no absolute individuals (Peirce, CP 6.170). The indeterminacy of operationally defined individuals such as specimens of lithium should be related, according to Peirce, to a principle of contexttiality Any discourse about an object cannot exhaust the potentially infinite, determinations of that object. Peirce remarked The peculiarity of this definition is that it tells you what the word lithium denotes by prescribing what you are to t/o in order to gain a perceptive acquaintance with the object of the word (Peirce, CP 2.330). 

TLC Sample Instructions. Obtain an aliquot for TLC analysis by removing a small amounf of fhe reaction mixture by touching the open end of a Fhsteur pipet fo fhe surface of fhe solution. First, remove the cap from the straight neck of the Qaisen head, and then insert the pipet down the neck so as to touch the surface of fhe solution. Dissolve this aliquot in about 10 drops of cold methylene chloride in a small capped vial. Mark the vial and save it for TLC analysis. 

The main aspect of the job of the top floor person is to pump solvents or oil to various reactors and blenders. Instructions are issued on a job-card or by phone. The instructions are entered in a log book (which is kept by the top floor worker) and on a record card which has to be returned to the laboratory at the end of the shift. To prepare for pumping, protective clothing must be worn. After the required amoimt of solvent is set on the meter, the worker has to connect the meter and the pipeline with a hose and then open the valve on the pipeline (see Figure 7.10). Before starting the pump, the blender valve... 

Once a suitable membrane and solvent are selected, an experimental arrangement must be devised that measures the equilibrium pressure under isothermal conditions. Many variations in apparatus design have been studied. Two particularly instructive pieces of apparatus are shown in Figure 3.3. The assembly shown in Figure 3.3a consists of an inner solution compartment with a relatively large opening at the membrane end and a capillary at the small end. The entire solution chamber is then immersed in a tube containing the solvent. Once assembled, the entire apparatus is placed in a constant temperature bath for equilibration. 

The study of the enamine structure may be associated, to a certain degree, with the problem of the so-called pseudobases an instructive, but somewhat specialized, review of these compounds was contributed by the late Professor Beke 47 to the first volume of this series. The name pseudobases was given by Hantzsch,48 towards the end of the last century, to those a-aminocarbinols which undergo a structural change during salt formation and yield salts with the loss of one molecule of water. The liberation of pseudobases from their salts is accompanied by rehydration. This behavior has been observed with a,/3-unsaturated heterocyclic compounds and, to a certain degree, with aromatic heterocyclic pyridine derivatives. As formulated by Gadamer,49 the pseudobases represent a potential tautomeric system of three components, the quaternary hydroxide A, the carbinolamine B, and the open-chain amino-carbonyl derivative C, in which all three components exist in a mobile equilibrium ... 

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