Onset and Progression of the Disease

What are the three broad categories of diseases of the nervous system  

Provide examples of diseases from the three categories. 

What is expected to occur with the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases in the forthcoming generations and why  

What is the effect of neurodegeneration on the life expectancy and for what reason(s) do patients with neurodegenerative disease typically die  

What is the common method used in classifying neurodegenerative diseases and what are the difficulties inherent with this type of classification  

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Diabetes mellitus causes about 50% of all patients being treated for End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in the USA and this is because the disease (type 2 disease) is pervasive. Recent studies have shown that the onset and progression of the disease can be ameliorated if treatment is instituted early on in the course of the disease. ESRD is the commonest complication of type 1 diabetes. A higher proportion of individuals with type 2 diabetes was found to have microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy shortly after the diagnosis of diabetes, because the diabetes had actually been present for many years before the diagnosis was made. There is a correlation between the degree of albuminuria and cardiovascular disease. 

Clinical history should include both medical and occupational history to determine a relationship between exposure to a specific substance and development of respiratory hypersensitivity. Relevant information includes aggravating factors both in the home and workplace, the onset and progress of the disease, family history and medical history of the patient in question. The medical history should also include a note of other allergic or airway disorders from childhood, and smoking history. 

It emerges from the above that smoking is a major renal risk factor, causing onset and progression of renal disease. The magnitude of fhe risk is comparable to that conferred by blood pressure elevation and proteinuria. It is a modifiable risk factor [48] but the attention which the medical community devotes to this risk factor is far from what it should be. 

Observations A careful clinical examination of all animals should be made at least once each day. Additional observations should be made daily with appropriate actions taken to minimize loss of animals to the study, such as necropsy, refrigeration of those animals found dead, and isolation or sacrifice of weak or moribund animals. Careful observations should be made to detect onset and progression of toxic effects as well as to minimize loss due to diseases, autolysis, or cannibalism. 

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