One-step exposure

Procedure One step exposure Mostly two step exposure... 

Kuzuwata M, Sasaki T, Kawatsuki N, Ono H (2012) FabricatiOTi of twisted nematie structure and vector grating cells by one-step exposure on photocrosslinkable polymer liquid crystals. Opt Lett 37 1115-1117... 

The pretilt angles can also be obtained in a one-step exposure by obliquely incident polarized light, in case the alignment is induced parallel to the polarization direction [4]. Any desired LC pretilt angle from 0° to 90° has been demonstrated, using polyimide films with different molar fractions of fluorine fragments (Figure 3.3). 

Figure 3.3 Generation of the pretilt angle by a one-step exposure [4]. Reproduced from M. Nishikawa and J. West, Mechanism of generation of pretilt angles on polyimides with a single exposure of polarized ultraviolet light. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 38, 5183 (1999), Institute of Physics...

Direction of imovation (from the standpoint of the SubChem research group - 6b ) The substitution of ceramic fibres in the constmction of catalytic converters would avoid exposure (manufacture and recycling) to potentially carcinogenic fibres. Inclusion of specialised official bodies in the evaluation of alternative materials is one step towards greater security of direction. 

Acylated 2-oxoglycosyl bromides of type II may efficiently be generated from hydroxyglycal esters by either of two ways, i. e. a high-yield, three-step procedure involving hydroxylaminolysis (29), deoximation (30), and photo-bromination (31), or, alternately, by a one-step process, simply consisting of exposure of hydroxyglycal ester I, in dichloromethane solution, to NBS or... 

In the mechanistic models used to predict toxic effects of time-variable exposure to organisms, a distinction can be made between 1-step models and 2-step models (Ashauer et al. 2006). One-step models only consider toxicokinetics, whereas 2-step models consider both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. One-step models try to describe the uptake and elimination of a given compound in an organism and relate the calculated internal concentration to the effect occurring. Usually, an average total body residue is calculated, assuming that the concentration at the actual site(s) of action will be linearly related to the total body concentration. In specific cases, it may be necessary to calculate the concentration at the site of action through the use of more refined multicompartment (PBPK) models. 

In the early days, the Bronfmans had to run all the risks of the smuggler s profession. They had to dodge the law, stay one step ahead of the desperadoes on the other side of the border, and whenever things went wrong, face the humiliation of public exposure and scandal. As a result, the family acquired a considerable reputation. 

Technically, any organic molecule containing a C-H bond can be labeled in one step by this procedure7 which involves exposure of an organic compound to tritium gas. The (8 radiation from the tritium... 

Generally, the main pathways of exposure considered in tliis step are atmospheric surface and groundwater uansport, ingestion of toxic materials that luu c passed tluough the aquatic and terrestrial food clunin. and dermal absorption. Onee an exposure assessment determines the quantity of a ehemieal with whieh human populations may come in contact, the information can be combined with toxicity didentification process) to cstiiiKitc potential health risks." The primary purpose of an exposure assessment is to... 

Fused pyrazole compounds have been prepared from A -alkyl-substituted pyrazoles. For example, a palladium-catalyzed/norbornene-mediated sequential coupling reaction involving an aromatic sp C-H functionalization as the key step has been described, in which an alkyl-aryl bond and an aryl-heteroaryl bond are formed in one pot. A variety of highly substituted six-membered annulated pyrazoles 433 were synthesized in a one-step process in moderate yields from iV-bromoalkyl pyrazoles 431 and aryl iodides 432 (Equation 87) <20060L2043>. An intramolecular cyclization version has also been reported. Exposure of 2equiv of -butyllithium to l//-pyrazole-l-alkanoic acids 434 afforded the cyclic ketones 435 via a Parham-type cyclization process (Equation 88) <1997SL1013>. 

The A1555G mutation in the human mitochondrial 12S RNA, which has been associated with hearing loss after aminoglycoside administration (63) and has been rmph-cated in maternally inherited hearing loss in the absence of aminoglycoside exposure in some families, can be identified by a simple and rapid method for large-scale screening that uses one-step multiplex allele-specific PCR (64). 

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