On-site detection method

Seto, Y. (2006a). On-site detection method for biological and chemical warfare agents. Bunseki Kagaku 55 891-906. 

Seto, Y. (2006b). Analytical and on-site detection methods for chemical warfare agents. Yakugaku Zasshi 126 1279-99. 

Seto, Y., Maruko, H., Sekiguchi, H., Sano, Y., Yamashiro, S., Matsushita, K., Sekiguchi, H., Itoi, T., lura, K., Kanamori-Kataoka, M., Tsuge, K., Ohsawa, I. (2007). Development of an on-site detection method for chemical and biological warfare agents. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 26 299-312. 

Seto Y., Kanamori-Kataoka M., Tsuge K., Ohsawa L, Maruko H., Sekiguchi H., Sano Y., Yamashiro S., Matsushita K., Sekiguchi H., Itoi T., and lura K., Development of an on-Site Detection Method for Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. Toxins Review, 29, 299-312, 2007. 

Seto, Y, Maruko, H., Sekiguchi, H., et al, 2007. Development of an on-site detection method for chemical and biological warfare agents. J. Toxicol. Toxin... 

Rabbat et al. [50] carried out an evaluation of a thermal desorption gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the on-site detection of polychlorobiphenyls in hexane extracts of soils. Down to 35mg kg-1 of polychlorobiphenyl was detected in soil samples. 

An ideal on-site detection system would be inexpensive, sensitive, fully automated, reliable, multiplex sample handling, and detect a broad range of explosives. The advent of microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technology might offer such a detection system. Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis chips have been utilized for the detection of nitroaromatics such as TNT, DNT, NT, and DNB [9-12]. Due to the good redox properties of nitroaromatics and the inherent suitability for miniaturization, most of the microfluidic methods so far used electrochemical methods for detection. The individual components of nitroaromatics can be detected in the capillary electrophoresis chips (analyte-specific) unlike the colorimetric methods (class-specific) where nitroaromatics are detected broadly. 

The second method also relies on site-specific chemical modification ofphosphoproteins (Oda et al., 2001). It involves the chemical replacement of phosphates on serine and threonine residues with a biotin affinity tag (Fig. 2.7B). The replacement reaction takes advantage of the fact that the phosphate moiety on phosphoserine and phosphothreonine undergoes -elimination under alkaline conditions to form a group that reacts with nucleophiles such as ethanedithiol. The resulting free sulfydryls can then be coupled to biotin to create the affinity tag (Oda et al., 2001). The biotin tag is used to purify the proteins subsequent to proteolytic digestion. The biotinylated peptides are isolated by an additional affinity purification step and are then analyzed by mass spectrometry (Oda et al., 2001). This method was also tested with phosphorylated (Teasein and shown to efficiently enrich phosphopeptides. In addition, the method was used on a crude protein lysate from yeast and phosphorylated ovalbumin was detected. Thus, as with the method of Zhou et al. (2001), additional fractionation steps will be required to detect low abundance phosphoproteins. 

Osemwengie et al. [14] NMs, PCMs, and nitromusk metabolites Wastewater effluent U.S. - On-site 60-L extraction with NEXUS sorbent - Silica gel and gel-permeation chromatography - GC-MS - Recovery=80-97% method detection limit =0.02-0.3 ng/L... 

If we try to refine the adequacy between the measurement procedures and the practical needs for wastewater quality monitoring, different metrological (analytical) characteristics have to be considered, such as detection limit, reliability and robustness (Table 3). Even if it is very difficult to compare the analytical methods carried out in the laboratory with on-site measurements (with on-line or tests kits), this presentation points out the main features of the measurement required for different needs. These characteristics define the quality of the available information [3], which constitutes one of the major problems that... 

The potential applications of NIR OFCD determination of metal ions are numerous. The detection of metal contaminants can be accomplished in real-time by using a portable fiber optical metal sensor (OFMD). Metal probe applications developed in the laboratory can be directly transferred to portable environmental applications with minimal effort. The response time of the NIR probe is comparable to its visible counterparts and is much faster than the traditional methods of metal analysis such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, and ion chromatography. With the use of OFMD results can be monitored on-site resulting in a significant reduction in labor cost and analysis time. 

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