Oleic acid chemical structure

Table 1 shows an example of markup, generated using the OSCAR 3 system. The abstract of a polymer research paper has been parsed by OSCAR and the resulting markup for the first sentence of the abstract is shown in-line with the text (Table IB). The first chemical entity encountered in the sentence is oleic acid , which has been marked up as type = CM (Chemical Moiety) and a number of other annotations, such as in-line representations of chemical structure (InChl, SMILES) have been attached. 

Figure 9.12 Chemical structures of some of the most common fatty acids found in nature which are typically saturated and unsaturated compounds with a chain length of Cj6 and C as shown in the case of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

Figure 9.16 Chemical structure of cutin, a biopolyester mainly composed of interester-ified hydroxy and epoxy-hydroxy fatty acids with a chain length of 16 and/or 18 carbons (Ci6 and C[s class). Also, the chemical strcuture of the aliphatic monomers of suberin, derived from the general fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, namely from palmitic (16 0), stearic (18 0), and oleic acids.

Studies on the chemical structure of olive wax esters have shown that the homologues present in olive-pomace oil are almost entirely esters of oleic acid with long chain alkanol constituting the homologous series C40, C42, C44, C46. Odd-chain esters identified in the oil were esters of oleic acid with C23, C25, C27 alcohols. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis has shown that each carbon chain of the esters in made up of a single isomer in which the acyl moiety is that of oleic acid (Bianchi el al., 1994). Thus, for example, ester C44 was found to be made up of the couple acid-alcohol Cl8 1 and C26, whereas other possible isomers such as C16 l-C28 were not detected. This is unusual if it is compared with the composition of epicuticular ester fractions of oil seeds for which, in cases studied, each ester chain was composed of several positional isomers of the ester group. 

R = oleic and/or linoleic and/or linolenic acids Figure 8. Chemical structure of diacylglycerol oil. 

Polyunsaturated and oxygenated fatty acids, obtained from triacylglycerols (TAG) of several different plant and animal species, are valuable materials feedstock for value-added products in a variety of industries food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and paints and coatings. The acyl species, their chemical structure, and their most abundant sources are summarized in Table 1. In contrast to inexpensive Cie and Cig saturated and A9-unsaturated acyl groups, such as palmitic (16 0), stearic (18 0), oleic (18 l-9c), linoleic (18 2-9c, 12c), and a-linolenic acid (ALA 18 3-9c, 12c,15c), recovered from the oil of soybean and other common sources, and C4-C16 saturates from palm oil and milk fat, polyunsaturated and oxygenated acids are derived from less common sources, and particularly for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), are typically present at only 20 0% purity. 

Fig. 2. Chemical structures of typical slick-forming compounds, a.) oleyl alcohol (Z-9-octadecen-l-ol OLA), b.) oleic acid methyl ester (methyl Z-9-octadecenoate OLME), and c.) methyl palmitate (methyl hexadecanoate PME)...

The structure of 1-oleyltyrosol [41] was determined by simple chemical and spectroscopic methods. The nature of the fatty add moiety was deduced, besides spectroscopic considerations, by alkaline hydrolysis that allowed to isolate oleic acid. Alkaline hydrolysis allowed to isolate also tyrosol thereby determining the phenolic component. 

Since 1970, a new class of cyano compounds has been isolated from certain seed oils that are of interest as some members, like cyanogenic glycosides, liberate HCN on enzymic or mild chemical hydrolysis All the authenticated compounds occur in several genera of the Sapindaceae (soapberry) family " and they can comprise up to 50% v/v of the extract, e.g. in kusum seed oil. These cyanolipids are mono- or di-esters of mono- or dihydroxy-nitriles and 4 types are known (Figure 22). The chain length of the fatty acid moiety, which may be saturated or not (e.g. commonly from oleic acid), can be C14 to C22 with C18 and C20 predominant and the double bond in type 3 can be Z or E, but structural variations are few. After hydrolysis the a-hydroxynitriles derived from types 1 and 4 are cyanogenic. In many plant species one type occurs to the virtual exclusion of the others thus type 1 accumulates in Allophyllus and Paullina spp, whereas type 2 is characteristic of... 

Bore et al. [154] found that the structures of the Qg fatty acids of oily and dry hair differ. For subjects with dry hair, the predominant isomer is octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), whereas for subjects with oily hair 8-octadecenoic acid was the predominant isomer. Thus, oily hair is different from dry hair in its chemical composition and in its rheological character. 

Fig. 2.20 Chemical structures of saturated stearic acid, monounsatuiated oleic acid (to-9), and polyunsaturated linoleic (q>-6), a-linolenic (co-3), eicosapentaenoic (q)-3), and docosahexaenoic (co-3) acids. (Authors own work)...

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