Oil-producing and exporting countries

Data compiled for 1992 placed the wodd s estimated proved natural gas reserves at approximately 1.24 x 1014 m3 (4.38 x 1015 ft3) (4). Data for the Confederation of Independent States (CIS) are denoted as explored reserves and include proved, probable, and some possible gas. The data for Canada also include some probable reserves. The woddwide natural gas reserves have continued to increase as the demand for gas has increased and exploration efforts have expanded. In 1976, the wodd natural gas reserves were estimated to be 6.58 x 1013 m3. In 1987, the reserves were 1.06 x 1014 m3, and by 1992 the reserve estimates had grown to 1.24 x 1014 m3. The distribution of the reserves in 1992 by principal geographical areas is shown in Table 1. In 1992, the principal political/geographical entities of the United States, the Confederation of Independent States (CIS), and the Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC) held 3.87, 39.97, and 39.7% of the wodd s natural gas reserves, respectively. 

Though at present a non-dominant percentage of petroleum reserves lie within OPEC (oil-producing and exporting countries), current projections indicate that within the next two decades this could switch with OPEC containing a majority of oil reserves. (Figure 3.7)... 

Palmkemel oil (Table 1.15) is available at a slightly lower level than coconut oil but production is increasing steadily with that of palm oil, and it is expected that one day production will exceed that of coconut oil. Malaysia and Indonesia are the major producers and exporters, with EU-15 and the US again the major importing countries. 

Arabia, the largest OPEC oil producer. OPEC produces about 40 percent of the world s crude oil output and It supplies about 45 percent of all traded petroleum. In total, almost 60 percent of the world s crude oil extraction is exported from about forty-five hydrocarbon-producing countries—but the six largest exporters (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia, Norway, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) sell just over 50 percent of the traded total. In contrast, more than 130 countries import crude oil and refined oil products besides the United States, the largest buyers are Japan, Germany, France, and Italy. 

As OPEC s share of the world oil supply market continued to fall in the 1990s, they began taking steps to better coordinate production with iron-OPEC producers such as Mexico and other members of the Independent Petroleum Exporting Countries (IPEC). By exchanging information, and undertaking joint studies of issues of common interest, the hope was to stabilize prices and improve the economic outlook for all oil producers. This collaboration between OPEC and major non-OPEC producers helped raise oil prices to over 27 a barrel in 1999 from a low of less than 13 in 1998. 

Crude oil production for various countries is shown in Fig. 18.2.2 The Middle Eastern countries produce more oil than they consume the extra production is gated for export. Conversely, the United States and Western Europe consume much more crude oil than they produce (Fig. 18.3).2 This condition demonstrates the great importance of worldwide petroleum movements. The difference between production and consumption for any... 

Canola oil underwent a transition period in the 1980s as human nutritionists recognized the benefits of the low levels of saturated fats in the diet and the benefits of monounsaturates as compared with saturates and polyunsaturates. In the case of Canadian canola oil, it moved from oil that competed in the markets around the world on the basis of price to a premium priced oil. Canola is perceived as premium oil and is now virtually consumed all over the North American continent. As was discussed earlier, Canada is the world s leading consumer of canola oil on a per capita basis. The countries of the European Union and Canada dominate the export of canola oil. In Canada, canola oil represents about 70% of all vegetable oils produced. The nearest rival is soybean oil with a share close to 25%. Functional and... 

Many countries plant oil palm to produce the oil to fulfill their local consumption. In contrast, Malaysia and to a certain extent Indonesia are unique in that the production of pahn oil is meant for export. For these countries, palm oil production for export purposes is found to be highly viable, and oil palm has become a favorite cash crop to replace other traditional crops such as rubber. The viability of palm oil for export is determined by the ability of the oil palm to be grown successfully in the country concerned. High yield of the palm throughout the year is essential to achieve viability for the export market. 

Across the last 30 years, the amount of peanuts crushed for oil worldwide has increased from 7957 to 14,901 MT. (Table 2). Increases in metric tons cmshed in China and India and the decreases in the South America countries of Argentina and Brazil account for almost 100% of the changes. The oil produced is virtually all used within the countries of production. It seems appropriate to note that within Japan, the industrial use of peanut oil has increased from 4 to 14 MMT between 1990 and 2002. Exporting of peanut oil has decreased nearly 42% from 1972 to 2002. Of the 252 MMT of oil exported worldwide in 2002, four countries, Argentina, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan, account for nearly 70%. 

China is the largest producer of rice grain, followed by India, Japan, and the United States. About 600 million metric tons of rice is grown worldwide annually (Table 18). The main consumers of rice bran oil (RBO) are Asian countries, such as Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Pakistan, and India (82). In the United States RBO production started in the 1950s but was discontinued in 1980s because it appeared uneconomic (8). Interest in RBO was renewed in 1990s due to export opportunities and its nutritional benefits. Rice bran oil has been commercially produced for food use in the United States since 1994. 

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