Offspring chromosome

Step 5 Perform the mutation to give birth to A offspring chromosomes. 

Fill some positions with the offspring chromosome by copying corresponding elements of the first parent chromosome associated with a 1 in the decision string. That is to say, the same components appear in the same positions in the offspring chromosome as they do in the first parent chromosome. 

With reference to the second parent chromosome, the components present in the offspring chromosome are omitted otherwise, the remaining part is reserved. 

The remaining positions in the offspring chromosome are filled with the reserved elements of the second parent chromosome in the same order whenever the decision string contains a 2 . 

Consequently, each offspring chromosome consists of two portions a set of bits in the first portion of the string preserves information from the first parent chromosome, and a set of bits in the second portion of the string incorporates information from the second parent chromosome. Figure 6.6 illustrates the... 

Crossover, in principle, is a simple cut and swap operation. Due to the nature of constraints, a modified crossover operation is required. In this study, to make sure the offspring chromosomes are feasible, crossover operation is not applied to feasible chromosome, but to the corresponding initial chromosome. After crossover operation, the corresponding off-springs will be cut to satisfy constraints and to ensure all offsprings are feasible. This study uses one-point crossover, illustrated as follows ... 

Cross over the selected chromosomes to produce new offspring chromosomes,... 

Update the chromosome using crossover and mutation processes and check the feasibility of the offspring chromosome using well trained neural network. 

Step 4 Check whether the offspring chromosome satisfies all constraints of the model with the well-trained neural network. If V - - M J is feasible, then we replace the original chromosome V with X = V + M dV. If not, then we set M to be a random number from 0 to M and repeat Step 3 to create a new chromosome and check its feasibility again. Repeat this process until all the chromosomes are feasible. Then mm to Step 5. 

The mutation operator is applied to each child solution resulting from the crossover operator. In this study, we used two mutation operators, which are insert mutations, as shown in Fig. 5. The insert mutation operates in chromosome that selects a substring and insert within this chromosome to decrease the checking and repairing process of the offspring chromosome and to modify the gene. 

Crossover, which is also called recombijiation, follows the idea that aji offspring in natiu c always holds genes from both its parents. Accordingly, the genetic crossover operator takes parts of two parent chromosomes to create a new offspring. 

The capacity of some agent or chemical substance to induce genetic changes resulting from chromosomal alterations, which changes may be transmitted from parent to offspring. 

Structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells may be involved in the etiology of neoplasia and in germ cells can lead to perinatal mortality, dominant lethality or congenital malformations in the offspring (Chandley, 1981), and some tumors (Anderson, 1990). 

In addition to the 22 pairs, a female cell contains two X chromosomes and a male cell contains an X and a Y chromosome. When a female egg (carrying an X chromosome) combines with male sperm having an X chromosome, a female offspring is born. When the egg combines with a sperm having a Y chromosome, a male offspring results. 

B. The crossover has occurred below the SRY gene, transferring it to the X chromosome. This will produce XX male or XY female offspring. 

As its name implies, a translocation is reciprocal when genetic material is exchanged between two chromosomes. For example, parts of the short arms of chromosomes 2 and 8 could be exchanged (Fig II-3-4). The individual who carries the reciprocal translocation (46,XX,t[2p 8p]) will not usually be affected clinically because he or she has the normal complement of genetic material. However, his or her offspring can inherit unbalanced chromosome material (e.g., a copy of the normal 8 and a copy of chromosome 2 that contains the translocated piece of 8, resulting in a partial trisomy of the 8th chromosome and partial monosomy of the second chromosome [Fig II-3-4]). 

A translocation carrier (A) produces aberrant chromosome pairing during meiosis. Alternate segregation (B) (quadrant b with quadrant c or quadrant a alone) produces a balanced chromosome complement in the offspring. Adjacent segregation (C) (quadrant a with b or quadrant a with c) produces four possible unbalanced chromosome complements in the... 

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