Offshore statistics

EWEA. 2013. The European Offshore Wind Industry Key Trends and Statistics 2012. Jan. 2013. http //www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/European offshore statistics 2012. Accessed Feb. 7,2013. 

The Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) model (26) was developed to simulate plume dispersion and transport from offshore point sources to receptors on land or water. The model estimates the overwater dispersion by use of wind fluctuation statistics in the horizontal and the vertical measured at the overwater point of release. Lacking these measurements the model can make overwater estimates of dispersion using the temperature difference between water and air. Changes taking place in the dispersion are considered at the shoreline and at any points where elevated terrain is encountered. 

Step-function space series were initially divided into three segments inshore data, frontal zone data, and offshore data. Frontal zone data were not used in the subsequent statistical analyses for the reasons just cited. The inshore and offshore data segments were tested for the presence of trends and then for stationarity with the procedures given by Bendat and Piersol (46). In some instances, the inshore and offshore data segments were further subdivided in an attempt to satisfy the conditions of weakly stationary data. 

This procedure was used mainly to aehieve a reduction of dimensionality, i.e., to fit a A -dimensional subspace to the original / -variate observations p k). The statistics used to summarize the most important results was the percent of the total variation explained by the first k (usually two or three) components. In the case at hand the interpretation of PCA results was based on the diagrams of coefficients of variables (total concentrations of metals in the samples) and the scatter plot of samples (the stations separated in coastal, intermediate and offshore stations). 

Spill statistics are collected by a number of agencies in Canada and the United States. In Canada, provincial offices collect data and Environment Canada maintains a database of spills. In the United States, the Coast Guard maintains a database of spills into navigable waters, while state agencies keep statistics on spills on land that are sometimes gathered into national statistics. The Minerals Management Service (MMS) in the United States maintains records of spills from offshore exploration and production activities. 

Fire and explosion accidents are of major concern to the owners and operators of refineries and petrochemical, gas processing, terminal, and offshore facilities. Statistics have shown that the majority of monetary loss in these types of complexes is due to fire and explosion. According to statistics (www.ohsonline.com, December 2010), 77 percent of the monetary loss in refinery and petrochemical complexes is due to fire and explosion. The breakout of accidents due to fire and explosion is 65 percent vessel (container) and vapor cloud explosion and 35 percent fire. The causes of these accidents are mostly attributed to mechanical issues, process upset, and operator error. 

Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (2010) Of hore Injury, III Health and Incident Statistics 200()/20i0. HID Statistics Report HSR 2010-1. http //www.hse.gov.uk/offshore... 

In this article Furre made use of some of the same stylistic devices as Wathne. He illustrated his arguments with two stories in order to present the fates behind the statistics. He identified a male offshore worker who had been injured and stated his name and details about the injury, whereas the female worker is anonymous and referred to as a girl . 

In accordance with this approach in the regulations, neither NPD nor later PSA kept statistics on the number and the scope of visits to offshore installations. However, it is easy to count the number of recant inspections on the basis of easily available information from the PSA s Web site. Because of both historical and technological differences, counting the number of inspection in the Norwegian offshore sector and the Gulf of Mexico does not tell much in itself. 

One of the most popular failure rate databases is the OREDA database (Ref. 4). OREDA stands for "Offshore Reliability Data." This book presents detailed statistical analysis on many types of process equipment. Many engineers use it as a source of failure rate data to perform safety verification calculations. It is an excellent reference for all who do data analysis. 

Health and Safety Executive (2002) Offshore hydrocaibon release statistics, 2001. HID Statistics Report, HSR 2001 02, Jan 2002... 

Kaiser, M.J. (2007). World offshore energy loss statistics. Energy Policy 35(6) 3496-3525. 

The Health and Safety Executive do not hold specific accidents statistics for coastal and maritime engineering sectors. However, the Executive does categorise data into general construction and offshore sectors. The general construction sector covers all construction operations on land, whereas offshore covers offshore installations only. A comparison of accident statistics is given in Table 3.1. 

Hazardous Installations Directorate, Offshore Injury and Incident Statistics 2000/2001 (Provisional Data), Health and Safety Executive, Hazardous Installations Directorate, Offshore Division, Table 6. 

Table 3.3 presents accident statistics for inshore/offshore diving activities over the period 1996-2003 in terms of total injuries. 

By government agencies, e.g., Alberta Energy Utilities Board annual sour gas incident data reports. Transportation Safety Board annual reports containing air, marine, rail accident statistics, U.K. Health and Safety Executive annual reports containing offshore accident and release statisties, and others, such as ... 

HSE. 1996a. Offshore Accident and Incident Statistics Report 1996, Ref. OTO 96 955. UK Health and Safety Executive Information Centre, Sheffield. 

It is certainly conceivable that the statistical properties of a turbulent flow can change at a rate that is comparable with the time scale of the turbulent motion so that proper ensemble averages are required, i.e., repetitions under identical conditions, which of course cannot normally be done in environmental flows. Indeed, often the time-dependent nature of environmental flows, such as on-shore, offshore diurnal wind cycles or tidal flows, can be the most important feature. The main point is that the mean concentration requires fewer realizations (or record length for steady circumstances) than higher moments for an adequate approximation of an ensemble average and that the k = 0 result of Eq. (25.18) is also correct for time-dependent flows over complex geometry. 

The Wall Street Journal reviewed statistics from four countries with large offshore oil industries and modem regulatory systems the United States, Great Britain, Norway, and Australia. (A fifth, Brazil, declined to make its data available.) Each country uses different approaches to measure losses of well control or spills, but they reveal a similar trend. 

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