Of lily

McLean, Adam. Capillary dynamolysis. Hermetic J, no. 8 (Summer 1980) 28-32. Review of the work of Lily Kolisko... 

Dickinson DB. Germination of lily pollen. Regulation and tube growth. Science 1965 150 1818-1819. 

Kobayashi, S. J0rgensen, K. A. (Eds.) Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic Synthesis, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002 Carmichael, A. J., Earle, M. J., Holbrey, J. D. et al. The Heck reaction in ionic liquids a multiphasic catalyst system, Org. Lett., 1999, 1, 997-1000 Forsyth, S. A., Gunaratne, H. Q. N. Hardacre, C. et al. Utilisation of ionic liquid solvents for the synthesis of Lily-of-the-Valley fragrance beta-Lilial (R), 3-(4-t-butylphenyl)- 2-methylpropanal, J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem., 2005, 231(1-2), 61-66. 

Pathways for the biosynthesis of the cyclopentane carotenoids capsanthin [3,3 -dihydroxy- 8,K-caroten-6 -one (146)] and capsorubin [3,3 -dihydroxy-ir,K-caro-tene-6,6 -dione (147)] have been proposed from consideration of the carotenoids identified in extracts of lilies and red peppers. 

Properties. (zb)-Linalool [22564-99-4] is, like the individual enantiomers, a colorless liquid with a flowery-fresh odor, reminiscent of lily of the valley. However, the enantiomers dilfer slightly in odor [33]. Together with its esters, linalool is one of the most frequently used fragrance substances and is produced in large quantities. 

Sources dried rhizome and roots of lily veratum album, other members of the lily family... 

Figure 26-13 Synaptonemal complexes. (A) Aligned pairs of homologous chromatids lying 0.4 pm apart in Allium cepa. Arrows indicate "recombination nodules" which may be involved in initiating formation of crossovers. Portions of meiotic chromosomes of lily are shown at successive stages (B) Pachytene. (C) Portion of diplotene nucleus. (D) A bivalent at diplo-tene. (E) Two bivalents at diakinesis. Pairs of sister chromatids are coiled with appropriate handedness. (F) Sister chromatid cores are far apart in preparation for separation. A chiasma is present between the two central strands. (B) through (F) courtesy of Stephen Stack.279,279d (G) Pair of sister chromatids coiled with opposite handedness at metaphase. These are immun-ostained with anti-topoisomerase II antibodies. From Boy de la Tour and Laemmli.280 Courtesy of U. K. Laemmli.

The dried roots and tops of lily of the valley, Convallaria majalis (Liliaceae/Convallariaceae), contain cardioactive glycosides (0.2-0.3%) and are used in some European countries rather than digitalis. The effects are similar, but the drug is less cumulative. This plant is widely cultivated as an ornamental, particularly for its intensely perfumed small white flowers, and must be considered potentially toxic. The major glycoside (40-50%) is convallatoxin (Figure 5.98), the rhamnoside of strophanthidin. 

The carbonyl skeleton of lily aldehyde can be assembled by a mixed aldol condensation between propanal and the non-enolizable aldehyde, 4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde ... 

Dehydration and reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond completes the synthesis of lily aldehyde. 

The most classical artificial substances used in perfumery are as follows (Figure 5). Hydroxycitronellal (99) was found to exhibit the odor of lily of the valley, the essential oil of which is not possible to prepare in the first place. Other classics include ct-amylcinnamaldehyde (100) and musk ketone (101), which were discovered to be good substitutes for jasmine and musk, respectively. Furthermore, perfume No. 5 (Chanel, launched 1921) contained 2-methylundecanal, 1 with so unique an aroma character that it established No. 5 as the pioneer of a new fragrance class — floral aldehydic. 

OWNliinS of lilies ran pul them llirough several praeliral lesis by I he use of simple improvisetl apparatus. 

The genera in the family of Liliaceae (Table 1) include various types of lily, amarylis, asphodel, crocus, daffodil, fritillary, hyacinth, onions (including garlic), snowdrop, and tulip. 

Hybridizers have created a glorious mix of lilies with 3"-12" flowers in a variety of distinctive shapes, resembling peaked caps, turbans, bowls, trumpets, or broad, curly stars. They bloom in shades and combinations of white, pink, red, yellow, orange, lilac, and green, many dotted in maroon or near-black. Plants bear a few to 2 dozen or more flowers atop 2-7, upright stems clothed in narrow... 

Animals are susceptible to toxicity following Convallaria majalis exposure. In one case report, a dog that ingested an unknown quantity of lily of the valley leaves suffered seizures and death. Autopsy findings revealed severe hepatic congestion and caudal vena cava distention. Gross and microscopic lesions consistent with cardiac shock were also evident. Leaves of the plant were found in the middle section of the jejunum. Animals exposed to... 

Figure 2. Phytoplasma disease symptoms on some medicinal plants (1) Cannabis witche s -broom, (2) Achyranthes yellow leaf, (3) Hibiscus yellowing, (4) Catharanthus roseus plant showing phyllody symptom, (5) Catharanthus little leaf, (6) Discolouration in rose, (7) Flower virescence of lily, (8) Multiple meristem of lily, (9) Witches broom disease of lily, (10) Advanced yellowing and loss of the entire crown of coconut, (11) Lethal yellowing of coconut, (12) Portulaca little leaf, (13) Yellowing, crinkling and tip necrosis of papaya, (14) Reddening and plant stunting of Bupleurum falcatum, (15,16,17) Echinacea floral malformation, (18) Echinacea leaf yellowing.

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY Convallaria, majalis, L., Family Convallariaceae, contains about 20 cardiac glycosides the highest concentration occurs in flowers and berries, less in leaves and rhizome. Children have been intoxicated when they have eaten the red berries. After a latent period the symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and possibly cardiac irregularities. The suggested use of Lily of the Valley flowers in salads is highly dangerous. 

Since the blossom oil of lily of the valley is not commercially available, the perfumers have to rely on synthetic substitutes, such as hydroxy-citronellal (1), Lilial (3) and Bourgeonal (6) to create their muguet fragrances. The oldest lily of the valley odorants, hydroxycitronellal and cyclamen aldehyde (2) (Winthrop Chem. Corp., 1929), were discovered by chance. Serendipity still continues to play an important role. Anselmi et al. (1992) synthesized and organoleptically screened a series of 38 tetrahydropyranyl ethers. This class of compounds was chosen because of their ease of synthesis and purification, and because of their stability in alkaline media, conditions under which aldehydes tend to undergo aldol condensations. Two compounds (24 and 25) were described as having a white, floral odour reminiscent of hydroxycitro-... 

Plant materials which give very slimy extracts, are properly diluted to obtain good results In case of lily bulb scales, the... 

C13H22O2, Mr 210.32, bpo iy kpa 120-122 °C, df 0.9941, rag0 1.4915, is a fragrance substance that does not occur in nature. It is a colorless, viscous liquid with a sweet odor reminiscent of lily of the valley. The aldehyde can be prepared by a Diels -Alder reaction of myrcenol and acrolein in the presence of a Lewis catalyst (e.g., zinc chloride) [117] ... 

Ci2Hi80, Mr 178.27, is not reported as being found in nature. It is a viscous liquid or crystalline mass, mp 22 °C, po.oi3 kPa 74-76 °C, df 0.960, ng° 1.515-1.518, with a fresh floral odor, reminiscent of lily of the valley and linden blossoms. It is prepared by reaction of 3-methylbenzyl chloride with 2-methylpropanal in the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide and reduction of the resulting aldehyde with NaBH4 [143]. 

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