Of diphyllin

Hemmati, S., Schneider, B., Schmidt, T.J., Federolf, K., Alfermann, A.W. and Fuss, E. (2007b) Justicidin B 7-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from cell cultures of Linum perenne Himmelszelt involved in the biosynthesis of diphyllin. 

Pommier AM, Brossard C, Ser J, Duchene D. Optimization of a prolonged release tablet formulation of diphylline by retention in a lipid matrix [in French]. STP Pharma 1988 4 384-391. 

New alkylated theophyllines have been synthesized by chemical modification of diphylline <01JCR(S)129>. A series of aryl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridino-purine 63, -3/7-1,23-triazolo [43-r/]pyrimidine 64, -purin-8-one 65 and -7H-pyrrolo[2,3-r/]pyrimidine 66... 

The hydroxylation of justicidin B in position 7 to diphyllin is catalysed by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase as well (Hemmati et al., 2007b). 

Carragenin-induced paw edema and 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced edema have been used as experimental models of acute inflammation. Gomisin A (49), gomisin J (140), and wuweizisu C (141) inhibited inflammation induced by TPA in mice [44], Diphyllin acetyl apioside (142) and diphyllin apioside (tuberculatin) (143) also showed an anti-inflammatory effect with IDjg values of 0.27 and 1.23 pM/ ear, respectively, in rabbit [98]. 

Fig. (12). Hybrid backbone possessing characteristics of podophyllotoxin and diphyllin natural products...

Justicidins A and B, diphyllin, diphyllin apioside and diphyllin apioside-5-acetate from of Justicia procumbens var. leucantha (Acanthaceae) showed strong antiviral activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.13, > 0.06, 0.25, 0.25 and 0.13 pg/mL, respectively, against VSV, and they had low cytotoxicity [167]. 

From the methanol extract of Haplophyllum hispanicum (Rutaceae) two topical anti-inflammatory aryl naphthalide lignans were isolated and identified as diphyllin acetyl apioside and tuberculatin [284], The methanol extract was only active against the acute TPA-induced ear edema, whereas it was not active against the chronic inflammation induced by TPA or oxazolone-induced contact-delayed hypersensitivity in mouse ears. Diphyllin acetyl apioside was the most active of the isolated compounds on the acute TPA, with an ID50 of 0.27 pmol/ear, whereas tuberculatin gave an ID50 of 1.23 pmol/ear. 

Describe the mechanism of action of methylxanthines (e.g., theophylline, diphylline). 

Allocryptopine, chelerythrine, ( )-chelidonine (= diphylline), cheiirubine, coptisine, corydine, dihydrochelerythrine, glaucine, 184, 185 glauvine, isoboldine, isocorydine, O-methylatheroline, protopine, sanguinarine, and quaternary bases of the benzophenanthridine alkaloids... 

Many modifications of the Van den Bergh reaction have been tried, using different accelerators. Among these accelerators are methanol (Malloy and Evelyn), ethanol (King and Coxon), benzoate and urea (Powell), diphylline (Michaelson) and caffeine/benzoate (Jendrassik and Grof). This latter method is one of the most widely used. In this technique the diazotization reaction is terminated by the addition of ascorbic acid which destroys the excess diazo reagent. Alkali is added at the end of the reaction to give a more stable colour and also to dissolve any proteins that may have been precipitated. 

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