Odd-even electron numbers and energy level statistics in cluster assemblies

4 Odd-even electron numbers and energy level statistics in cluster assemblies 

The QSE arise from the wave nature of the electrons, and the ensuing discrete energy-level structure of the individual clusters. An important point here is that, 

It was also found that in the Pd cluster samples half of the metal particles carries an odd number of electrons and half an even number. Such an even-odd distinction was predicted by Kubo as a characteristic cluster property, but had never previously been observed. This might be understood in terms of classical electrostatics - it takes energy to put a charge g on a metal sphere of radius R. For 

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