Ocular toxicity nerve-agent exposure

Exposure to acutely toxic concentrations of nerve agents can result in excessive bronchial, salivary, ocular and intestinal secretions, sweating, miosis, bronchospasm, intestinal hypermotility, bradycardia, muscle fasciculations, twitching, weakness, paralysis, loss of consciousness, convulsions, depression of the central respiratory drive, and death (Grob and Harvey, 1953 Grob, 1956 Marrs, 2007 Sidell, 1997 Yanagisawa et al, 2006 many others). Minimal effects observed at low vapor concentrations... 

Agent GA (tabun) is an organophosphate ChE inhibitor similar to other nerve agents in mode of action and toxic effects, and it is toxic by all possible exposure routes ingestion, inhalation, and ocular and percutaneous absorption (DA 1974). By the inhalation exposure route, GA is only half as toxic as GB however, at low concentrations it has a greater effect on the eyes (DA 1974). The acute toxicity of GA and other nerve agents has been reviewed in several earlier reports (Carnes and Watson 1989 Dacre 1984 Munro et al. 1994 Sidell 1992 ... 

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