Object instrumental observer

The velocity composition law follows from these transformations. Suppose someone on a ship measures the speed of an object moving on the deck (for simplicity in the direction of the ship s motion). He determines a distance which he records as x and divides it by a time which he records as t. He then sets u = x jt. Suppose now the same moving object is observed from an aeroplane flying in a parallel course with speed v relative to the ship. With his own instruments the observer records a distance x and a time t and calculates... 

With the best observing conditions, it is possible for the trained observer to compete with photoelectric colorimeters for detection of small color differences in samples which can be observed simultaneously. However, the human observer cannot ordinarily make accurate color comparisons over a period of time if memory of sample color is involved. This factor and others, such as variability among observers and color blindness, make it important to control or eliminate the subjective factor in color grading. In this respect, objective methods, which make use of instruments such as spectrophotometers or carefully calibrated colorimeters with conditions of observation carefully standardized, provide the most reliable means of obtaining precise color measurements. 

Attempts to perform the MAED of these crystallites were unsuccessful because of the difficulty In observing the crystallites with the small objective apertures necessary to obtain reasonable MAED patterns, and the rapid mobility of these small crystallites In the stationary electron beam used In the MAED mode. Instrumental modifications are commercially available which might allow this measurement to be made. 

According to Galilei, the observation of natural phenomena using suitable measuring instruments provides certain numerical values which must be related to one another the solution of the equations derived from the numbers allows us to forecast future developments. This led to the misunderstanding that knowledge could only be obtained in such a manner. The result was deterministic belief, which was disproved for microscopic objects by Heisenberg s uncertainty principle. On the macroscopic scale, however, it appeared that the deterministic approach was still valid. Determinism was only finally buried when deterministic chaos was discovered. 

It is just a half-century ago that the concept of real abundance variations became well-established. It is less that 50 years since the famous B2FH paper was published. Quantitative CCD-based spectroscopy is only some 20 years old, while quantitative multi-object spectroscopy has really begun only in the last decade. These rapid observational advances were enabled by impressive advances in instrumentation, combined with increasing software power and complexity. In parallel, significant advances in stellar atmospheric modelling, and the requisite atomic and molecular data, have allowed analyses of superb precision for large numbers of stars. 

Color is a subjective phenomenon whose esthetic value has been recognized for centuries. Since it is dependent on the light source, the object, and the observer, color is not subject to direct measurement, though instruments can measure a color for reproducibility. Colorants that provide color in polymers may be soluble dyes or comminuted pigments. 

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