Oak galls

Eich amt, n gaging office, office of weights and measures. apfel, m. oak gall, gall nut. baum, m. oak tree. 

Greece. Wine extract of the rhizome, with pomegranate and oak gall, is used as a vaginal spermicidal suppository . Guatemala. Decoction of the rhizome is taken orally for fever ... 

Querci-tannic Acid.— Another tannic acid, probably also a catechu-tannic acid, as it yields the same products as above, is known as querci-tannic acid. It derives this name from Quercus, the generic name for the oak tree, as it is found in oak bark, but not, however, in oak galls. 

Pine bark adelgids. 184 Pine-oak gall rusts, 185 Pine-pine gall rusts. 185 Pine sawflies. European. 319 Pine shoot moths. 183. 184 Pine tip moths. 183 Pink. See Dianthus... 

Europeans—dyed their hair red with soap. (The soap may have just taken dirt off a naturally red-headed people). And Pliny did strive to be comprehensive. He recorded processes involving metals, salts, sulfur, glass, mortar, soot, ash, and a large variety of chalks, earths, and stones. He describes the manufacture of charcoal the enrichment of the soil with lime, ashes, and manure the production of wines and vinegar varieties of mineral waters plants of medical or chemical interest and types of marble, gems and precious stones. He discusses some simple chemical reactions, such as the preparation of lead and copper sulfate, the use of salt to form silver chloride, and a crude indicator paper in the form of papyrus strips soaked in an extract of oak galls that changed color when dipped in solutions of blue vitriol (copper sulfate) contaminated with iron. 

Proust s work in organic chemistry is important. He described the preparation of citric acid, isolated grape sugar from honey and raisins and mannitol from manna. He obtained what he called caseous oxide (oxide cas ux), which is leucine, and a caseic addj from the putrefaction of casein (discovered by Berzelius in 1812) in cheese and prepared from barley a bran-like material free from nitrogen which he called hordeine His work on tannin is important. He drew attention in 1802, independently of Davy, to the difference between the tanning principle ( tanin ) in oak bark and that in oak galls, a distinction which was not fully realised until 1864. ... 

---