1,1-Nystose

Fig. 1 (A) Chromatographic separation of sugars. Track 1 fructose, 2 sucrose, 3 glucose, 4 mixture of the substances in tracks 1-3, 5 mixture of substances in tracks 1-3 and 6, 6 Fructo-oligosaccharides, 7 1-kestose, 8 mixture of glucose, maltose, maltotriose and maltotetraose. (B) Absorption scan of track 5 with 200 ng each substance per chromatogram zone 1 = fructosyl-nystose, 2 = nystose, 3 = 1-kestose, 4 = fructose, 5 = sucrose, 6 = glucose.

Fructosyl-nystose lb 423,424 Fuberidazol lb 33 Fuc-GMl lb 243 Fuchsin, reagent la 329 Fucose lb 34... 

Moreover, in further studies, a genetically optimized strain of A. niger with an overexpressed /i-fructofuranosidase transformed sucrose analogues efficiently and with high yield into the 1-kestose and 1-nystose analogues functionalized with different monosaccharides of potential interest (Fig. 8).115... 

Fig. 8. Different products with sucrose analogues as substrates.115 Enzymatic synthesis of 1-kestose, 1-nystose, and their analogues by /(-fructofuranosidase of A. niger. Structures of fructo-oligosaccharides (A) commercial products, (B) mannose- (C) galactose-, and (D) xylose-substituted analogues.

Kestoses and nystose, Fermentation-derived sugar acids, Ascorbic acid-2-phosphates, Sugar phosphates, Inositol phosphates ... 

Electron diffraction assessments of single crystals from inulin fractions indicate two antiparallel six-fold helices (Andre et al., 1996) a five-fold model has also been proposed (Marchessault et al., 1980). The hemihydrate molecule contains one water molecule for each two fructosyl units, while the monohydrate has one water molecule per fructosyl unit. When intermolecular hydrogen bonds are present, however, there is no evidence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystals. Crystal structures of 1-kestose (GF2) (Jeffrey and Park, 1972), nystose (GF3) (Jeffrey and Huang, 1993), and cycloinulohexaose (cF6) (Sawada et al., 1990) have been reported. 

Campbell, J.M., Selected fructooligosaccharide (1-ketose, nystose, and lF-beta-fructofuranosylnystose) composition of foods and feeds, J. Agric. Food Chem., 45, 3076-3082, 1997. 

Jarrell, H.C., Conway, T.F., Moyna, P., and Smith, I.C.P., Manifestation of anomeric form, ring structure, and linkage in the carbon-13 NMR spectra of oligomers and polymers containing D-fructose, maltulose, isomaltulose, sucrose, leucrose, 1-kestose, nystose, inulin, and grass levan, Carbohydrate Res., 76, 45-57, 1979. 

Jeffrey, G.A. and Huang, D.-B., The tetrasaccharide nystose trihydrate crystal structure and hydrogen bonding,... 

Timmermans, J.W., de Wit, D., Toumois, H., Leeflang, B.R., and Vliegenthart, J.F.G., MD calculations on nystose combined with NMR spectroscopy on inulin related oligosaccharides,./. Carbohydrate Chem., 12, 969-979, 1993b. 

Fig. 8 Different products with sucrose analogues as substrates [91]. Enzymatic synthesis of levans headed with different glycopyranosides by levansucrases of different sources. 6-kestose by a Ls variant N252A, and 1-kestose, 1-nystose analogues by P-fructofuranosidase of A. niger...

The pure enzyme displayed the preference sucrose > raffinose > 1-kestose > nystose (in a ratio 100 24 10 6). Other carbohydrates such as turanose, cellobiose, melibiose, leucrose, methyl-a-D-glucopyranoside, and stachyose were also tested but their activity was negligible. Thus, the enzyme only recognized sugars containing a sucrose moiety in their chemical structure. The trisaccharide raffinose is equivalent to a sucrose molecule substituted at the C-6 hydroxyl group, whereas... 

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