Nystatin reactions

Mutation. For industrial appHcations, mutations are induced by x-rays, uv irradiation or chemicals (iiitrosoguanidine, EMS, MMS, etc). Mutant selections based on amino acid or nucleotide base analogue resistance or treatment with Nystatin or 2-deoxyglucose to select auxotrophs or temperature-sensitive mutations are easily carried out. Examples of useful mutants are strains of Candida membranefaciens, which produce L-threonine Hansenu/a anomala, which produces tryptophan or strains of Candida lipolytica that produce citric acid. An auxotrophic mutant of S. cerevisiae that requires leucine for growth has been produced for use in wine fermentations (see also Wine). This yeast produces only minimal quantities of isoamyl alcohol, a fusel oil fraction derived from leucine by the Ehrlich reaction (10,11). A mutant strain of bakers yeast with cold-sensitive metaboHsm shows increased stabiUty and has been marketed in Japan for use in doughs stored in the refrigerator (12). 

Topical formulations of nystatin and of amphotericin B are useful in the management of Candida albicans infections of the skin. Both antibiotics are ineffective against dermatophytes. The use of nystatin is limited to topical treatment of cutaneous and mucosal Candida infections because of its narrow spectrum and its negligible absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Hypersensitivity reactions are rare. It is not known whether topical nystatin can cause fetal harm when used by a pregnant woman. Amphotericin B has broader antifungal activity but its topical use is restricted to Candida. Topical use of amphotericin B has shown minimal absorption through the skin and is well tolerated. Limited human surveillance data do not indicate any harm to mother or fetus, but relative safety is still unknown. 

Cooper SM, Reed J, Shaw S. Systemic reaction to nystatin. Contact Dermatitis 1999 41(6) 345-6. 

Antifungal drugs are comparatively rare contact allergens in the anogenital region in relation to their widespread use. Clotrimazole and nystatin are preferred. In the study of the IVDK, patch tests with clotrimazole were performed in only 272 patients, leading to five positive reactions (15). In the UK study on anogenital dermatosis, five women out of... 

A recent example involves the synthesis of N-glycosyl derivatives of polyene macrolide antibiotics, such as the preparation of N-(deoxyfructosyl)nystatin (128) by reaction of nystatin with (+)-glucose (Scheme 30)."°... 

IsolaHon of anUnes. Amino sugars have been isolated and purified as the N-carbobenzoxy derivatives. The group is removed by hydrogenolysis. Thus Winter-steiner and co-workers isolated crude mycosamine hydrochloride from hydrolysis of the antibiotic nystatin, but were unable to induce the material to crystallize. Reaction with carbobenzoxy chloride in aqueous sodium carbonate and extraction with ethyl acetate gave an oil and, when a solution of this in warm ethanol was chilled and scratched, colorless needles in clusters soon deposited. 

Amadori rearrangement in the reaction of D-glucose with polyene macrolide antibiotics containing mycosamine, e.g. nystatin, yield N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-l-yl) derivatives, which on acid hydrolysis yield the fructosyl-mycosamine disaccharide. 

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