Nutrients ecosystem resilience

The increasing world population exerts massive pressure on the often fragile ecosystems and land resources of the Tropics and Subtropics. This situation leads to resource overuse, such as excessive deforestation, overgrazing, overextraction of nutrients, and other types of agricultural mismanagement. These frequently manifest themselves in various forms of soil degradation, which are accelerated by the low ecosystem resiliency common in the Tropics and Subtropics. Responsible for this fragility are mainly the climatic conditions of past and present and the processes that dominated soil development. 

Biological properties Organic matter is a source of nutrients to plants, due to its cation-exchange capacity it provides metabolic energy for soil biological processes (e.g., bacterial) and contributes to ecosystem resilience, because it enhances the ecosystem s ability to recover from natural or anthropogenic perturbations. 

Their resilience to adverse conditions is due to the presence of ultraviolet (UV) absorbing sheath pigments, which allows these organisms to adapt to exposed land environments. Apart from the ability to withstand very high temperatures, cyanobacteria can also survive extremely cold temperatures such as in snow and ice [37]. Numerous cyanobacterial species are capable of living in the soil and other terrestrial habitats, where they are important in the functional process of ecosystems and the recycling of nutrient elements [38]. 

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