Substitution nucleophilic addition

In general, the syntheses of these complexes are achieved through (i) nucleophilic addition/substitution reactions of silver(i) fluoride or (ii) transmetallation reactions with other metal alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl complexes. 

Effects of substituents on stability/reactivity. Relationship of nucleophilic addition, substitution and enolisation. 

Nucleophile addition-substitution with carbon nucleophiles 531... 

The preparation of lithiated derivatives of six-membered heterocycles like pyridines, quinolines and diazines must overcome the problem that they are intrinsically susceptible to nucleophilic addition/substitution... 

All positions on each of the diazines, with the sole exception of the 5-position of a pyrimidine, are a and/or 7 to an imine ring nitrogen and, in considering nucleophilic addition/substitution, it must be remembered that there is also an additional nitrogen withdrawing electron density. As a consequence, all the monohalodiazines are more reactive than either 2- or 4-halopyridines. The 2- and 4-halopyrimidines are particularly reactive because the anionic intermediates (shown below for attack on 2-chloropyrimidine) derive direct mesomeric stabilisation from both nitrogen atoms. 

Anomeric and double anomeric effects in phosphates The unusual stereoelectronic properties of negatively charged oxygen as a source of donor orbitals play a role in the formation of tetrahedral intermediates in nucleophilic addition/substitution at carbonyl. It also has important consequences for phosphate transfer reactions - one of the key types of chemical events in biology. 

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