Nuclear reactions equations

Find the values of A and Z in the following nuclear reaction equations. 

In the nuclear reaction equation below, element X is produced. What is the formula of the compound formed between element X and oxygen (80)... 

Chemical engineering is concerned with the transformation of matter, whether it be the production of a traditional chemical, the manufacture of cement, waste-water treatment or the production of bio-mass. Balances across units in which reactions take place are therefore of great importance. Equation (2.1) is still applicable, since matter can neither be created nor destroyed except in nuclear reactions. Equation (2.2) which referred to a particular component needs to be modified because particular molecules will react or be formed by reactions. An extra generation term allows for this. 

Nuclear equation, 513 Nuclear masses, 521t Nuclear radiation. See Radioactivity Nuclear reactions biological effects, 527 equations, 513 fission, 523-526 fusion, 526-527,528 mass-energy relations, 520-523,... 

STRATEGY Write the nuclear equation for each reaction, representing the daughter nuclide as E, with atomic number Z and mass number A. Then find Z and A from the requirement that both mass number and atomic number are conserved in a nuclear reaction, (a) In a decay, two protons and two neutrons are lost. As a result, the mass number decreases by 4 and the atomic number decreases by 2 (see Fig. 17.7). (b) The loss of one negative charge when an electron is ejected from the nucleus (Fig. 17.8) can be interpreted as the conversion of a neutron into a proton within the nucleus ... 

Nuclear reactions may result in the formation of different elements. The transmutation of a nucleus can be predicted by noting the atomic numbers and the mass numbers in the nuclear equation for the process. 

Calculate the energy released per gram of starting material in the nuclear reaction represented by each of the following equations. 

To summarize, the equation for a nuclear reaction is balanced when the total charge and total mass number of the products equals the total charge and total mass number of the reactants. This conservation requirement is one reason why the symbol for any nuclide includes its charge number (Z) as a subscript and its mass number as a superscript. These features provide a convenient way to keep track of charge and mass balances. Notice that in the equation for neutron decay, the sum of the subscripts for reactants equals the sum of the subscripts for products. Likewise, the sum of the superscripts for reactants equals the sum of the superscripts for products. We demonstrate how to balance equations for other reactions as they are introduced. 

Using the new nomenclature, the nuclear reaction that led to Rutherfords discovery of the proton can be written as an equation ... 

X 109 years and decays by positron (+°P) emission. Write the equation for this nuclear reaction. 

A chemical equation describes a chemical reaction in many ways as an empirical formula describes a chemical compound. The equation describes not only which substances react, but the relative number of moles of each undergoing reaction and the relative number of moles of each product formed. Note especially that it is the mole ratios in which the substances react, not how much is present, that the equation describes. In order to show the quantitative relationships, the equation must be balanced. That is, it must have the same number of atoms of each element used up and produced (except for special equations that describe nuclear reactions). The law of conservation of mass is thus obeyed, and also the "law of conservation of atoms. Coefficients are used before the formulas for elements and compounds to tell how many formula units of that substance are involved in the reaction. A coefficient does not imply any chemical bonding between units of the substance it is placed before. The number of atoms involved in each formula unit is multiplied by the coefficient to get the total number of atoms of each element involved. Later, when equations with individual ions are written (Chap. 9), the net charge on each side of the equation, as well as the numbers of atoms of each element, must be the same to have a balanced equation. The absence of a coefficient in a balanced equation implies a coefficient of 1. 

In equations for nuclear reactions, the sums of the mass numbers and atomic numbers of the reactants must equal the sums for the products. Therefore,... 

The equation for a nuclear reaction can be given in the following abbreviated form ... 

Most nuclear reactions involve the breaking apart of the nucleus into two or more different elements or subatomic particles. If we know all but one of the particles, then the unknown particle can be determined by balancing the nuclear equation. When chemical equations are balanced, we add coefficients to ensure that there are the same number of each type of atom on both the left and right of the reaction arrow. However, in order to balance nuclear equations we ensure that there is the same sum of both mass numbers and atomic numbers on the left and right of the reaction arrow. Recall that we can represent a specific isotope of an element by the following symbolization ... 

In section 5.1, you learned about the energy changes that accompany physical changes, chemical reactions, and nuclear reactions. You learned how to represent energy changes using thermochemical equations and diagrams. In the next section, you will determine the enthalpy of a reaction by experiment. 

The nuclear reaction in the hydrogen bomb that produced fermium was the result of the acquisition of 17 neutrons by uranium from the explosion resulting in uranium-255 and some gamma radiation. U-255 decays by (3-electron emission to form fermium-255, as depicted in the equation as follows ... 

For any given system, it is possible to choose a set of components whose concentrations are independent of chemical reactions even though the choice is not unique. For example, if chemical elements are chosen as components, the concentrations are conservative with respect to chemical reactions (but not with respect to nuclear reactions). If oxide components are chosen, they are conservative except for redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation) reactions. If conservative components are used, then Equation 3-5 reduces to... 

Notice that in this equation mass is conserved, 238 = 234 +4, and charge is conserved, 92 = 90 + 2. In a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed into products. In a nuclear reaction, the terms parent and daughter correspond to reactants and products, respectively. In our example, the U-238 was the parent that decayed into the Th-234 daughter. 

What type of nuclear reaction is shown in the following equation How do you know Where might such a reaction take place There s something atypical about the two hydrogen reactants. What is it ... 

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