Nuclear magnetic ordering

P. Hakonen, O. V. Lounasmaa and A. Oja. "Spontaneous Nuclear Magnetic Ordering in Copper and Silver at Nano- and Picokelvin Temperatures". J. Magn. Magn. Mater.. 100, 394-412 (1991). 

Abr2 A. Abragam and M. Goldman, Nuclear Magnetism Order and Disorder, Clarendon... 

Abragam, A. and Goldman, M. (1982). Nuclear magnetism order and disorder. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 

Lounasmaa, O.V. (1989). Nuclear Magnetic Ordering at Nanokelvin Temperatures. /Physics Today], October 1989,26-33. 

Of spectroscopic teclmiques, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been most widely used to measure orientational ordering in liquid crystals [M, 57 and ]. Most commonly, changes of line splittings in the spectra of... 

Zannoni C 1985 An internal order parameter formalism for non-rigid molecules Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Liquid Crystals ed J W Emsiey (Dordrecht Reidel)... 

As with other diffraction techniques (X-ray and electron), neutron diffraction is a nondestructive technique that can be used to determine the positions of atoms in crystalline materials. Other uses are phase identification and quantitation, residual stress measurements, and average particle-size estimations for crystalline materials. Since neutrons possess a magnetic moment, neutron diffraction is sensitive to the ordering of magnetically active atoms. It differs from many site-specific analyses, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, vibrational, and X-ray absorption spectroscopies, in that neutron diffraction provides detailed structural information averaged over thousands of A. It will be seen that the major differences between neutron diffraction and other diffiaction techniques, namely the extraordinarily... 

First order rate constant k, for the rotation about the C-N bond in N, N-dimediylnicotinamide (3) measured at different temperatures by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are ... 

Some preliminary laboratory work is in order, if the information is not otherwise known. First, we ask what the time scale of the reaction is surely our approach will be different if the reaction reaches completion in 10 ms, 10 s, 10 min, or 10 h. Then, one must consider what quantitative analytical techniques can be used to monitor it progress. Sometimes individual samples, either withdrawn aliquots or individual ampoules, are taken. More often a nondestructive analysis is performed, the progress of the reaction being monitored continuously or intermittently by a technique such as ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry or nuclear magnetic resonance. The fact that both reactants and products might contribute to the instrument reading will not prove to be a problem, as explained in the next chapter. 

---