Nuclear landscape

The nuclear temperature-density phase diagram, indicating the nuclear landscape now available for reaction studies. The dotted trajectory shows the stepwise evolution of an energetic nuclear collision, in steps of about 1 x s (Adapted from Mueller and Serot 1995)... 

Similar prognostications have littered the nuclear landscape ever since. In 1979, the then Secretary of State for Energy, David Howell, stated that the electricity supply industry has advised that even on cautious assumptions it would need to order at least one new nuclear power station a year in the decade from 1982 . In reality, no further reactors were ever ordered, let alone one a year. 

Figure 6.2 Relief map of the electron density in the molecular plane of SCI2. The vertical direction (z axis) is used to show the value of p, which depends on the two coordinates (x,y) describing the molecular plane. The value of p at the nuclear positions is of the order of 3 X 103 au but the peaks have been truncated at 15 au. Note the dramatic behavior of the electron density in the vicinity of the nuclei there are huge peaks appearing on a nearly flat landscape.

Fig. 4 Energy landscapes for ground- (solid line) and excited-state (dashed line) hole transfer in DNA. Arrows indicate mean positions of a hole matching the location of two GC sites bridged by a single AT pair. The width of the energy gap was estimated assuming that the contribution to polarization comes from nuclear motion...

Until recently, probably the best understood oxidation state of vanadium was V(IV). This situation changed with the advent of high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers, which provided the means to obtain a detailed understanding of the V(V) oxidation state. Indeed, the past 2 decades have seen the redrawing of the landscape of V(V) science, particularly where the aqueous phase is involved. 

Risk assessment activities of IPCS are supported financially by the Department of Health and Department for Environment, Food Rural Affairs, United Kingdom Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration, and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA European Commission German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Health Canada Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Swiss Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscape. 

Development of time-dependent DFS studies have to await further technological challenges in AFM where the lag phase of a mechanical contraption like a tip of AFM probe riding on a cantilever hovering over the rugged surface of a protein anchored on a platform by its very nature is slow compared to time-scales involved in the conformational dynamics from one peak to another in the energy landscape of a protein. As we encountered similar problems in molecular dynamics (MD), density functional studies (DFT), and 3D multi-nuclear NMR studies, analysis of voluminous data is very tedious. 

Actinides released from different operations of the nuclear fuel cycle will enter the atmosphere as aerosols or particulates (Fig. 1). Small particles (less than ljim in diameter) will deposit on land or water (2). Particulates eroded from the landscape will also enter freshwater and marine environments. Direct input from... 

There is an important philosophical point here that must not go unremarked. We see that the sloping landscape of atomic diameter, with its occasional gentle rises, is the outcome of a competition of finely balanced forces. The effect of nuclear attraction only just dominates the landscape were it a little weaker, the kingdom would tilt the other way. This determination of landscape by almost equally balanced forces is characteristic of the landscape of the kingdom in all kinds of lights—and it is characteristic of chemistry as a whole. That is why chemistry is such a subtle subject, one where observations are so difficult to predict, for it is difficult to assess whether one particular effect or another will dominate. The kingdom is like a parliamentary democracy with almost equal party representation sometimes the left will win, sometimes the right. 

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