Nuclear hydrogen development and

This work has been done under Nuclear Hydrogen Development and Demonstration(NHDD) Project and we are grateful to MOST for financial help. 

The status of nuclear hydrogen research and development efforts around the globe. 

THE STATUS OF NUCLEAR HYDROGEN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS AROUND THE GLOBE... 

Table 1 Nuclear Hydrogen Research and Development Works in Japan... 

The Status of Nuclear Hydrogen Research and Development Efforts around the Globe Chairs M. Methnani, W.A. Summers... 

Soumitra, S., Bindal, R. C., Prabakar, S., Tewari, P. K., Ramanathan, S., Jeetendra, N., et al. (2011). Membrane development for applications in hydrogen production using the sulphur-iodine thermochemical route. International Journal of Nuclear Hydrogen Production and Applications, 2(3), 227—236. 

In an attempt to develop the hydrogen bomb before the Russians, a second weapons laboratory , Lawrence Livermore, was established in July 1952 to handle the additional work that would be necessaiy to stay ahead of the Russian nuclear weapons program. The administrator chosen was the University of California. Eor the next forty-five years, this LLNL was a formidable competitor to Los Alamos in the development of nuclear weapons. But much like most of the other major national laboratories, its focus also shifted away from nuclear weapons to basic science to fields like magnetic and laser fusion energy, non-nuclear energy, biomedicine, and environmental science. By the late 1990s, half of the laboratoi y s budget was nonde-fense related as the shift away from nuclear weapons continued. 

The JAEA selects the IS-process to be the basis for commercial development mainly because it is seen more suited to large-scale nuclear hydrogen production than HTE [9] and other alternatives. However, an available HTE-based plant can be connected to the reactor in the same manner as the IS process plant is connected. The HTE similarly requires a high-temperature process heat, and about 25% of its total energy input is heat and the balance electricity, which are fully and efficiently met in-house by the reactor heat and gas turbine power plant. 

At 2000 K there is sufficient energy to make the H2 molecules dissociate, breaking the chemical bond the core density is of order 1026 m-3 and the total diameter of the star is of order 200 AU or about the size of the entire solar system. The temperature rise increases the molecular dissociation, promoting electrons within the hydrogen atoms until ionisation occurs. Finally, at 106 K the bare protons are colliding with sufficient energy to induce nuclear fusion processes and the protostar develops a solar wind. The solar wind constitutes outbursts of material that shake off the dust jacket and the star begins to shine. 

The transition from nonrenewable fossil fuel should consider the development of technologies that can use the available energy of the sun. It is reasonable to assume that solar energy will eventually serve as a primary energy source. As we attempt to use solar energy to replace the use of fossil and nuclear fuels, this relationship between solar energy and hydrogen returns and one may not effectively work without the other. 

It follows that biomass will play a role complementary to other resources such as electricity from nuclear and hydraulic sources, as well as relatively inexhaustible supplies of natural gas, non-conventional oil and oil sands. The end use of these forms will be dictated by a combination of historic development and technological inertia such that substitution products electricity, methanol, hydrogen, or tonnage chemicals like ammonia, will provide the major outlets for biomass carbon... 

Onuki K, Inagaki Y, Hino R, Tachibana Y (2005) Research and development on nuclear hydrogen production using HTGR at JAERI. Prog Nucl Energy 47 496-503... 

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