Novel Functional Biomarkers

2 Urinary Total Protein and Albumin Urinary total protein and albumin have been nsed for decades as glomerular injury biomarkers and, more recently, were qualified as measurements of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption function (Ferguson et al., 2008 Bonventre et al., 2010). Compared with blood concentrations of protein/albumin, a small amount of protein and albumin (microalbumin, which is below the albumin detection threshold by the conventional urinary dipstick 30-300 mg/L) enters the filtrate by the glomerulus and is reabsorbed and subsequently catabolized in the normal kidney proximal tubnle (Vaidya et al., 2008 Charlton et al., 2014). Therefore, increased urinary protein/albumin can reflect glomerular injury, tubular injury, or combined effects, though albuminuria can be observed in rats secondary to other effects such as dehydration or hypertensive conditions (Haschek et al., 2013). [Pg.434]

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