Norway, heat pumps

The development of district heating systems is linked with the development of other systems such as combined heat and power systems, which generate waste heat, together with power. These increase the fuel use efficiency [35]. Also heat pumps should be introduced in residential heating systems [18]. In some countries like Norway, district heating system s GHG emissions have been compared with those of individual heating systems and it has been found that the first have lower C02 emissions. 

T.M. Eikevik, O. Alves-Filho, and I. Stipmmen, Potential applications for a new COj heat pump dryer. The First Nordic Drying Conference, Trondheim, Norway (June 27-29, 2001). 

A number of countries, including Austria, Canada, China, Denmark, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States, have also established national heat-pump research institutes or government programs supporting heat-pump research. 

Leading laboratories for micro-heat pumps include Battelle in the US (see Appendix 5) and SINTEF in Norway (Munkejord et al., 1999). The work at SINTEF is on devices with main dimensions of the order of a few centimetres with trapezoidal channels of 0.5 mm width concentrated on the heat exchangers and their performance. Illustrated in Figure 11.10, the miCTo-condenser so constructed showed that a heat flux of 135kW/m, based on the refrigerant-side area, was possible. The overall U value was lOkW/m K. 

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