Normal operating loads

The motor and pump shaft or bearings and coupling will withstand any combination of normal operating loads or anticipated transients, and the largest remaining pipe break after application of leak before break as described in Section 3.6, combined with the Safe Earthquake Shutdown. 

The pressurizer is supported by a cylindrical skirt welded to the pressurizer and bolted to the support structure. The skirt is designed to withstand deadweight and normal operating loads as well as the loads due to earthquakes, safety valve actuation, and Branch Line Pipe Breaks. Four keys welded to the upper shell provide additional restraint for earthquake, safety valve actuation, and Branch Line Pipe Break conditions. 

Normal operating load = 30 lb per sq ft of fkxM troy area (metudes shell and insulation ... 

The effects of an external fire originating from sources such as fuel storage, vehicles, bushes, peat or wood should be combined with normal operating loads. Fires as a consequence of scenarios such as an aircraft crash should be considered in the same load combination and with the same design assumptions (e.g. as external events beyond the design basis, for which the... 

Overpressure loads, incident and reflected and focused, drag loads if appropriate and heat effects should be combined with normal operation loads. 

Demonstrate that the contact pressure under foundation elements is less than the ultimate capacities of the soils at the site when the DBE seismic loads are combined with normal operating loads. 

The results of over 1 year of continuous, on-line acoustic emission (AE) structural surveillance of high temperature / high pressure steam headers, gained on 2 M-scale 600MW supercritical multifuel ENEL power units in normal operation, are presented in the paper. The influence of background noise, the correlation between plant operating conditions (steady load, load variations, startup / shutdown transients) and AE activity and the diagnostic evaluation of recorded AE events are also discussed. 

Utdity power distribution grids normally operate at a fixed frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. These frequencies can be utilized directiy for the induction process if the load characteristics are appropriate. If they are not, specific appHcations can be optimized by the use of variable and higher frequencies produced by soHd-state frequency power converters connected between the supply and the load. 

To overcome such situations within acceptable parameters during normal operation, it has been found that an ideal series compensation is achieved at around 40-70% of X, preferably in the range of 45-60% only. The level of compensation will depend upon the expected load fluctuations and the presence of harmonic disorders in the system. 

For overloading during normal operation, which may be due to load fluctuations or failure of a few capacitor elements, normal overload protection will suffice, as discussed for shunt capacitors (Section 26.1.1(3)). This protection may be provided in conjunction with the line fault protection scheme, discussed below. 

K)ut(mE ) The maximum output voltage under which normal operation of the load circuits can operate. 

Besides the inherent lateral natural frequency characteristic, compressors are also influenced by torsional natural frequencies. All torsionally flexible drive trains are subject to non-steady or oscillatory excitation torques during normal operation of the system. These excitation torques can be an inherent function of either the driver or the driven equipment and, when superimposed on the normal operating torque, may appear to be of negligible concern. However, when combined with the high inertia loads of many turbomachinery trains and a torsional resonant frequency of the system, these diminutive ripples can result in a tidal wave of problems. 

Under normal operating conditions the first wall must handle high plasma surface heat fluxes (Table 1), as well as volumetric heat loadings due to the penetrating neutron and electromagnetic radiation. The volumetric heat loading is dependent... 

A typical pilot-operated PR valve is illustrated in Figure 5. Under normal operating conditions, the vessel pressure acts on the main valve seat at the bottom of the free-floating differential area piston, and by means of the pilot supply line is also applied to the top of the piston and under the pilot valve disc. Since the top area of the piston is larger than the nozzle area at the lower end of the piston, there is a large net load holding the piston down on the nozzle. Under static... 

Once a. system has been evacuated to normal operating conditions, it is possible for capacity to fall to almost zero when the only requirement is air inleakage or small quantities of dissolved gases. Under these conditions, it is important to specify an ejector system capable of stable operation dow n to zero load or shut-off capacity. The curve of Figure 6-24 represents such a system. 

Unless otherwise specified, normal operating conditions for motors shall be assumed to be rated full-load steady conditions. 

These provide supplies to equipment that requires a D.C. supply both during normal operating conditions and when A.C. supplies have been lost. The loads can comprise ... 

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