Normal grinding force

Relationship between the volume of material removed and the normal grinding force, conventional grinding 1 kgf = 9.81 N. 

Relationship between the volume of material removed and the normal grinding force (ELID) grinding V = 60 V, Ip = 16 A, Ton = m = 4 psec, ELID dressed for 30 min with 60 V. 

The mechanism of material removal in abrasive machining of brittle ceramics has been well documented by Evans and Marshall who developed the lateral-crack chipping model. They demonstrated that material removal rate, AT caused by a passage of each grinding particle is related to the peak normal penetration forces, Fn, Vicker s hardness and fracture resistance as follows, ... 

There are several possible techniques for measuring the controlled variable. For instance, one can measure the grinding forces in the normal and tangential directions to the surface of the grinding wheel by means of a multiaxis piezoelectric force measurement platform mounted beneath the grinding spindle. Since this is, however, an expensive solution, the active electrical power required by the grinding spindle serves as a control variable, making the spindle a multifunctional element [172]. 

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