Nonionic without additives

Extraction with solvent has less influence on product pore-structure. The common solvents used include ethanol, methanol, and water. To remove cationic surfactant more efficiently, HC1 is added in the solvent. The surfactant recovered can be reused. Nonionic surfactant can be extracted easily, even without addition of HC1. The removal of surfactant with solvent extraction can be combined with modification of the product. 

The removal of mineral oils from sea sand was studied in [323] in presence of aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Alconox) with and without solid additives, such as granular activated carbon, powder activated carbon. The process was conducted in a scrubber by froth flotation. Contaminants and fine sand particles were transferred, together with sorbents, into the water-froth stream, whereas clean sand remained in the tails . Without addition of sorbent, the content of contaminants (total oil and grease -TOG) was 4000 ppm, while the additives reduced the TOG content to less than 1000 ppm. 

Viscoelastic Worm-Like Micelles in Nonionic Fluorinated Suifrictant System (Without Additives)... 

Class C direct dyes are dyes of poor leveling power which exhaust well in the absence of salt and the only way of controlling the rate of exhaustion is by temperature control. These dyes have high neutral affinity where, resulting from the complexity of the molecules, the nonionic forces of attraction dominate. When dyeing with these dyes it is essential to start at a low temperature with no added electrolyte, and to bring the temperature up to the boil very slowly without any addition of electrolyte. Once at the bod the dyeing is continued for 45—60 min with portionwise addition of salt to complete exhaustion. 

Figure 18 Effect of nonionic detergent (Triton X-100) on benzydamine N-oxygenation (FMO) and N-demethylation (CYP) by human liver microsomes. Benzydamine (500 pM) was incubated with pooled human liver microsomes (1.0 mg protein/mL) in tricine buffer (50 mM, pH 8.5 at 37°C) with or without Triton X-100 [1% (v/v)]. Reactions were initiated by the addition of an NADPH-generating system and stopped after 10 minute by the addition of an equal volume (500 pL) of methanol. Precipitated protein was removed by centrifugation, and an aliquot (25 pL) of the supernatant fraction was analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Abbreviations FMO, flavin monooxygenase CYP, cytochrome P450.

Highly polar microdomains exist in reverse micelles of AOT and nonionic polyethylene oxide surfactants in ethane, even below 100 bar, both with and without cosolvents. Without cosolvents these domains are likely very small since values of Wo are small. The addition of the cosolvent octane provides a means to take up large amounts of water over a wide pressure range. The polarities in the interior of the micelles approach that of bulk water. The existence of polar microdomains in supercritical fluids at relatively low pressures presents an opportunity for new separation and reaction processes involving hydrophilic substances. 

Figure 13.2 shows the dynamic IFT for the two systems (1) 0.2% OP (nonionic) + 0.2% PS (petroleum sulfonate) +1.1% NaCl (without polymer), and (2) the same as (1) but with 0.1% 3530S polymer. From this figure, we can see that the IFTs for the two systems were almost the same. This figure demonstrates that there was not a strong interaction between the polymer and surfactants. However, polymer increases water viscosity to affect surfactant transport, so dynamic IFT was affected within a short time. Figure 13.2 shows that the dynamically stable IFT with addition of polymer was a little bit higher than that without polymer. 

Nonionic surfactants are also known to exhibit quite high solubilities in CO2. Nonionic polyethers, CgEs (62) and Ci2E4 (63), were extensively studied in CO2 with and without the addition of pentanol as co-solvent. Water solubility up to w = 12 was observed for CgEs with 10 wt % pentanol as a co-solvent. This C12E4 alone dispersed no water, however the addition of pentanol enhanced notably its solubility. Related nonionic surfactants were shown to exhibit solubility in CO2 (64-66). In section 3 of this chapter a new SANS study of this mixture, and other nonionic surfactants in CO2, are reported. 

It was shown earlier in [192] that liquid suspensions of natural chalk with a mean particle size of about 50 pm at a content of 70 - 75% in water can be obtained using additives of nonionic and ionic surfactants of a certain structure. Without surfactant additives, the suspension becomes non-liquid at a chalk content of 50-55%. The experimental data on the effect of surfactants on the electrokinetic potential of chalk particles in suspension indicate a substantial role of the electrostatic factor in securing the liquefying action of anionic additives. 

It can be seen from Table 6 that anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants have all been exploited in formulating microemulsions for materials synthesis. Anionic and nonionic surfactants appear to be the most popular types of surfactants, with Aerosol OT (AOT) and the polyoxyethylated alkylphenyl ether surfactants (e.g., NP-5) leading. Part of the attraction of AOT and the NP surfactants is related to the fact that they permit microemulsion formulation without the need for cosurfactants. Also, a large body of information is already available on the phase behavior and structure of AOT microemulsions [121], and this makes it convenient to work with this anionic surfactant. A unique advantage of the nonionic surfactants is the fact that their use does not involve the introduction of (potentially undesirable) counterions. The ability to alter the size of the hydrophilic (oxyethylene) groups and/or the hydrophobic (alkyl) groups provides additional flexibility in surfactant selection. 

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