Nonequilibrium depletion

For instance, to bring an n-type detector to the limit of Auger process suppression, electron concentration must be either equal to the product of nonequilibrium depletion factor and intrinsic concentration or lower than it (if the Shockley-Read noise component can be neglected). Thus, the product between the nonequilibrium depletion factor and intrinsic concentration represents the highest allowed level of doping of a given semiconductor for a given temperature. 

Fig. 3.1 Dependence of nonequilibrium depletion factor on cutoff wavelength for mercury cadmium telluride detector. Solid lines (numbers without prime) radiative lifetime calculated without reabsorption. Dashed lines (primed numbers) ninefold increase of lifetime due to reabsorption. Curve 1 300 K, curve 2 220 K, curve 3 180 K, curve 4 77 K...

Let T2J be the concentration of uncharged traps in the depletion band of the Au-ZnO microparticle contacts in the equilibrium conditions. Being exposed to light, the traps will be ionized giving electrons to the conduction band of the semiconductor. If we designate the concentration of nonequilibrium ionized traps N, then the rate of traps accumulation under illumination will be... 

While one might question some of the assumptions of their model, such as D0 = D+ and f = constant, it is not unlikely that the model gives roughly correct results over at least a good part of the range of experimental conditions. This would be the case, for example, if the diffusion flux of H° is usually small compared with the drift flux of H+ and would still be so if D0 were equal to D+, and if the most important transport occurs in a reverse bias depletion region where n+/n0 has a nonequilibrium universal... 

A complete solution to this problem would require solving all of the coupled differential equations simultaneously and specifying all of the rate constants. Obviously this is not possible in general, but the question can be asked what properties of the system are necessary to explain the experimental observations. This question has been extensively examined with methods ranging from simplified models to large-scale computer solutions of the differential equations [16, 37, 38]. A basic conclusion reached is that during the course of the reaction a nonequilibrium distribution of vibrational states exists. This is because the higher vibrational states are more likely to dissociate and therefore become depleted (relative to a Boltzmann distribution) as the... 

Dzubiella J, Lowen H, Likos CN (2003) Depletion forces in nonequilibrium. Phys Rev Lett 91 248301... 

An array of nanochannels has been used in the microfluidic micromixers to enhance the mixing process [14]. Figure 8 illustrates the optical image of the proposed micromixer by Yu and colleagues. The nonequilibrium electrokinetic effects at the connections of the microchannels and the nanochannels (ion emichment-depletion) cause circulating flow in the system. These circulations boost the mixing efficiency of the system. 

The comparison of this equation with Eq. (62) shows that the contribution of the omitted terms in the derivation of Eq. (62) can be accounted for by the introduction of the factor F known as the Zeldovich nonequilibrium factor. The factor is always less than unity, having an order of magnitude of 10 and accounts for the depletion of the cluster population due to the process of growth.It seems that the Zeldovich factor depends on the geometrical form of the cluster (see Refs. 72 and 78) and for a liquid droplet has the value r = (AGc/37rfc7TV ) /l... 

Apparently, in the absence of any acting vacancy sinks/sources, the flux of vacancies toward a more mobile component will lead to their accumulation on this component s side and depletion on the side of a less active component. As a result, a nonuniform distribution of nonequilibrium vacancies will evolve. Correspondingly, a vacancy concentration gradient will appear, and it must influence both vacancies and atoms fluxes. 

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