Nonelectrolytes nonvolatile nonelectrolyte solutions

The molal boiling point elevation constant, S), is the difference in boiling points between aim nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solution and a pure solvent. It is expressed in units of °C/w and varies for different solvents. Values of A j, for several common solvents are found in Table 15-4. Note that water s A j, value is 0.512°C/w. This means that a m aqueous solution containing a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute boils at 100.512°C, a temperature 0.512°C higher than pure water s boiling point of 100.0°C. 

Values of for several common solvents are found in Table 15-5. As with K values, values are specific to their solvents. With water s value of 1.86°C/m, a Im aqueous solution containing a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute freezes at -1.86°C rather than at pure water s freezing point of 0.0°C. 

What are the boiling point and freezing point of a 0.625m aqueous solution of any nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute ... 

A student dissolves 0.500 mol of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute in one kilogram of benzene (CgHg). What is the boiling point elevation of the resulting solution ... 

What is the osmotic pressure associated with a 0.0111 M aqueous solution of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte solute at 75°C ... 

Nonvolatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions Solute Molar Mass Volatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions Strong Electrolyte Solutions... 

The vapor pressure of a solution containing 53.6 g glycerin (C3H8O3) in 133.7 g ethanol (C2H5OH) is 113 torr at 40°C. Calculate the vapor pressure of pure ethanol at 40°C assuming that glycerin is a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute in ethanol. 

Challenge A 0.045m solution (consisting of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute) is experimentally found to have a freezing point depression of 0.08°C. What is the freezing point depression constant (/Cf). Which is most likely to be the solvent water, ethanol, or chloroform ... 

Analyze We are given that a solution contains 25.0 mass % of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute and asked to calculate the boiling and freezing points of the solution. To do this, we need to calculate the boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression. 

Colligative Properties of Solutions Nonvolatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions... 

Vapor Pressure Lowering The vapor pressure of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte solution is always lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. The difference in vapor pressures is the vapor pressure lowering (Ai ). 

Nonvolatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions 408 Using Colligative Properties to Find Solute Molar Mass 413... 

In about 1886, the French chemist Fran9ois Marie Raoult observed that the partial vapor pressure of solvent over a solution of a nonelectrolyte solute depends on the mole fraction of solvent in the solution. Consido- a solution of volatile solvent, A, and nonelectrolyte solute, B, which may be volatile or nonvolatile. According to Raoult s law, the partial pressure of solvent, P, over a solution equals the vapor pressure of the pure solvent, Pf, times the mole fraction of solvent, Xj, in the solution. 

Small amounts of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute and a volatile solute are each dissolved in separate beakers containing 1 kg of water. If the number of moles of each solute is equal ... 

Recall from Section 11.5 that the vapor pressure of a hquid is the pressure of the gas above the liquid when the two are in dynamic equihbrium (that is, when the rate of vaporization equals the rate of condensation). What is the effect of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte solute on the vapor pressure of the liquid into which it dissolves The basic answer to this question is that the vapor pressure of the solution is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. We can understand why this happens in two different ways. 

Consider a 0.175 m solution of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte in the solvents listed in Table 14-2. 

To examine the four properties listed in Table 11.4, we can use the simple case of a nonelectrolyte, nonvolatile solute. The lowering of the vapor pressure is a consequence of nonvolatile solute particles occupying positions at the surface of the... 

The vapor pressure of the solvent reduces as the concentration of the solute increases (inverse relationship). Generally, the discussions of vapor pressure are with reference to the concentration of nonvolatile solutes and, therefore, we are dealing with the tendency of only the solvent to leave the solution. Experimentation has determined that dilute solutions of equal molality, using the same solvent and different nonelectrolytes (no dissociation) as solutes, show the same amount of vapor pressure lowering (depression) in every case. 

Experimentation has revealed an interesting point about vapor pressure changes. Suppose we were to make up two solutions, solution I and solution II, from the same solvent and using solutes that are nonvolatile and nonelectrolytes. Let us take two identical portions of the solvent and place in two different containers. In the case of solution I, mix a solution using one solute to achieve a particular molality. In the case of solution II, mix a solution to the same molality, but use two different solutes to do so. The lowering of the vapor pressure of the solute is the same in both solutions. 

The molal boiling-point constant of the solvent is kb. As with kf, the numerical value is a property of the solvent alone and is independent of the solute, assuming a solute that is nonvolatile and a nonelectrolyte. Also assumed in the tables presenting kb values is that the pressure is 1 atm (standard pressure). 

Solutions containing nonelectrolyte nonvolatile solutes have higher boiling points than the pure solvent. The boiling point elevation (ATb) is directly proportional to the solvent s boiling point elevation constant (Ky) times the molality (m) of the solute in moles per kg of solvent ... 

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