Noncontinuous Approaches

Noncontinuous Approaches Pressure-Driven Single-Phase Gas Flows Spectral Methods... 

The fluid media are not considered continuum in a noncontinuous approach. The molecular nature of fluid is recognized and explicitly considered in the development of methodologies. 

Noncontinuous approach can be deterministic or stochastic. In deterministic approaches, such as the molecular dynamics (MD) method and the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the particle or molecule s trajectory, velocity, and intermolecular collision are calculated or simulated in a deterministic manner. In the stochastic approaches, such as the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, randomness is introduced into the solution variables. 

Johnson and Swindell [77] developed a method for evaluating the complete particle distribution and its effect on dissolution. This method divided the distribution into discrete, noncontinuous partitions, from which Johnson and Swindell determined the dissolution of each partition under sink conditions. The dissolution results from each partition value were then summed to give the total dissolution. Oh et al. [82] and Crison and Amidon [83] performed similar calculations using an expression for non-sink conditions based on a macroscopic mass balance model for predicting oral absorption. The dissolution results from this approach could then be tied to the mass balance of the solution phase to predict oral absorption. 

For the cycloscan, conformational libraries are synthesized by cyclization of continuous or noncontinuous bioactive epitopes and not by their insertion into a scaffold. Originally, the concept of cycloscan was introduced for the generation of backbone-cyclized peptide libraries 467 however, cycloscan can also be applied to other modes of cyclization. In this approach all components of each sublibrary bear the identical sequence, and differ from each other in distinct parameters that affect their conformation, but do not alter their connectivity, and hence their potential bioactivity. This is achieved by gradually introducing discrete conformational perturbations, which allow an efficient screening of the conformational space of the parent peptide. The majority of the components of such libraries should be inactive, because they do not overlap the bioactive conformation. However, the peptide that does fit the bioactive conformation should be very potent and have all the pharmacological advantages of cyclic peptides. 

In other words, any regularization algorithm is based on the approximation of the noncontinuous inverse operator A by the family of continuous inverse operators (d) that depend on the regularization parameter a. The regularization must be such that, as a vanishes, the operators in the family should approach the exact inverse operator A. ... 

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