Non-equilibrium surface forces caused by dynamic adsorption layers

Non-equilibrium Surface Forces Caused by Dynamic Adsorption Layers 

DAL generates surface forces which can be naturally named non-equilibrium forces since they arise due to a deviation of the adsorption layer from equilibrium. The effect of non-equilibrium surface forces on the dynamics of these layers is substantially different to that of equilibrium ones. In many cases, the radius of their actions is much greater than the radius of action of equilibrium surface forces since they are localised within the diffusion boundary layer. Approaching a surface, particles pass first of all the diffusion layer, so that in many cases the possibility of coagulation is determined by the action of non-equilibrium surface forces. In other situations it is connected with the action of equilibrium surface forces while nonequilibrium forces influence the rate of the process. 

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