Nitroglycerine preparation

The dynamite ingredients are mixed with a solution of collodion cotton in nitroglycerine prepared separately or in a mixture of nitroglycerine with nitroglycol. The drying and milling of the ingredients are preparatory operations. 

The first commercially important high explosive was nitroglycerin, prepared in 1847 by reaction of glycerin with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid ... 

The charge may be gunpowder, gun cotton, dynamite, etc. The British prefer gun cotton America and Sweden have experimented largely with d>namite Prussia, during the war w ith France, 1870, 1871, used dualine, another nitroglycerine preparation Austria used gun cotton. 

Other nitrates are similar to nitroglycerin in their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Isosorbide dinitrate is another commonly used nitrate it is available in sublingual and oral forms. Isosorbide dinitrate is rapidly denitrated in tbe liver to isosorbide mononitrate, which is also active. Isosorbide mononitrate is available as a separate drug for oral use. Several other nitrates are available for oral use and, like the oral nitroglycerin preparation, have an intermediate duration of action (4-6 hours). Amyl nitrite is a volatile and rapidly acting vasodilator that was used for angina by the inhalational route but is now rarely prescribed. 

We also found N-nitropyridinium salts such as C5HjN N02BF4 as convenient transfer nitrating reagents in selective, clean reaetions. Transfer nitrations are equally applicable to C- as well as to 0-nitra-tions, allowing, for example, safe, acid-free preparation of alkyl nitrates and polynitrates from alcohols (including nitroglycerine). 

Administering Oral Nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin is also available as oral tablets tiiat are swallowed. The nurse gives tiiis form of nitroglycerin to die patient whose stomach is empty, unless the primary health care provider orders otherwise. If nausea occurs after administration, die nurse notifies die primary healdi care provider. Taking die tablet or capsule widi food may be ordered to relieve nausea The sustained released preparation may not be crushed or chewed. 

The preparation and properties of TNT are described in Chapter 3. Next to nitroglycerine, TNT is the most important sensitising constituent of commercial explosives. For such purposes it does not need to have the high purity demanded for the military product, but otherwise the material is identical. 

Nitrates are the mainstay of therapy, and most patients respond rapidly to sublingual nitroglycerin or ISDN. IV and intracoronary nitroglycerin may be useful for patients not responding to sublingual preparations. 

The tests with the 12-kW system in Demo II successfully confirmed that this technology is capable of destroying the components (nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine) of M28 propellant. For tetrytol, the destruction of TNT and tetryl was good. However, recalcitrant intermediate products were formed during the treatment of tetrytol, which AEA was still evaluating at the time the Demo II report was prepared (NRC, 2001b). 

Nitroglycerin, the prototype of the nitrates is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration of action. It is usually administered sublingually (via the oro-mucosal route), which allows a rapid and efficient absorption and avoids the strong first pass effect after oral administration. Nitroglycerin is available as tablets, capsules (for sublingual administration) but also as transdermal preparations, sprays, and ointments. 

Gunpowder was the primary explosive used for almost one thousand years. In 1846, the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero (1812-1888) first prepared nitroglycerin, but it was twenty years before Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) developed its use commercially. Nobel was bom in Stockholm, Sweden, where his father, Immanuel Nobel (1801-1872), ran a heavy constmction company. When Alfred was four, his father s company went bankrupt and Immanuel left for St. Petersburg, Russia, to start over. Immanuel rebuilt a successful business in Russia, in part due to his ability to develop and sell mines to the Russian Navy for use in the Crimean War. Alfred and the rest of his family joined his father in Russia when he was nine, and Alfred received an excellent education with private tutors. He studied in the United States and Paris where he met Sobrero. Nobel studied... 

The sublingual surface area is relatively small but has a rich blood supply. The major advantage of this route is avoidance of intestinal destruction and hepatic first pass metabolism. However, absorption can be highly variable critical factors are the residence time of the drug in the mouth and saliva flow. Premature swallowing or excessive saliva production preclude efficient absorption. Nitroglycerin, nifedipine, propranolol, and buprenorphine are all available as sublingual preparations. Rectal... 

This is widely used in tablet, transdermal and aerosol preparations. Its major haemodynamic effect is venous dilatation arteriolar vasodilatation only occurs at high doses. It is also available for intravenous administration. Nitroglycerine is absorbed by polyvinyl chloride, and infusion sets made with this plastic should not be used. It is not absorbed by glass or polyethylene. 

Nitroglycerine [N03CH2CHN03 CH2N03 Structure (2.3)] is prepared by reacting glycerine with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid under carefully controlled CH2 — ON02... 

Fusari, S. A. (1973), Nitroglycerin subhngual tablets II preparation and stability of a new stabilized subhngual molded nitroglycerin tablet, J. Pharm. Sci., 62, 2012. 

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