Anthropogenic nitrogen

Jaffe, D The Relationship between Anthropogenic Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone Trends in the Arctic Troposphere, in The Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone in the Polar Regions (H. Niki and... 

Fry, B., Gace, A., and McClelland, J.W. (2003) Chemical indicators of anthropogenic nitrogen loading in four Pacific estuaries. Pacific Sci. 57, 77-101. 

Duce, R. A. et al. (2008) Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean. Sciences 320, 893-897. 

Barile, P. J. (2004). Evidence of anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment of the littoral waters of east central Florida. J. Coastal Res. 20(4), 1237-1245. 

McCleUand, J. W., and Vahela, I. (1998a). Changes in food web structure under the influence of increased anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to estuaries. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 168, 259—271. 

Figure 36.2 Nitrogen fluxes per area of watershed to the coastal ocean as a function of net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to the landscape per unit area. Reprinted from Howarth et al. (1996).

Figure 36-4 Relationship between nitrogen inputs and riverine N fluxes from watersheds spanning multiple scales and biomes of the world. Nitrogen inputs are expressed as (A) net total nitrogen inputs and (B) net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs. Modified from Boyer et al. (2006).

Figure 36.10 Comparison of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and associated riverine N exports (kg per km of watershed area per year) in two contrasting water regions of the USA The northeast USA and the Mississippi River hasin. Modified from NRC (2000) based on data from Howarth et al. (1996).

Boyer E. W., Goodale C. L., JaworsM N. A., and Howarth R. W. (2002) Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the Northeastern USA. Biogeo-chemical 57, 137—169. 

Table 7. Major net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to the North Atlantic watersheds by region, kg/krri /year.

Figure 5. Application of nitrogen in fertilizer and by atmospheric deposition ofFiOy to 13 of the watershed regions. Values are in kg N/km /year. Fertilizer inputs dominate net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in most, but not all, regions of the North Atlantic basin (Howarth, 1996).

A third and increasingly important supply of ammonia (and nitrate) is provided by anthropogenic nitrogen fixation, based on the Haber-Bosch (and Ostwald) process. Biogenic and anthropogenic reductive N2 conversion are compared in Table 4.8 ... 

Table 4.8 Comparison of biogenic and anthropogenic nitrogen fixation.

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