Phosphorus compounds, of nitrogen

Nitrogen compounds, of phosphorus, nomenclature of, 2 265 of sulfur, nomenclature of, 2 265 Nitrogen(II) oxide, 2 126 for preparation of IV-nitroso-hydroxylamine-N-sulfonates, 6 118n., 119... 

Other Phosphorus—Nitrogen Compounds. Of the binary phosphoms—nitrogen compounds, only triphosphoms pentanitride [12136-91 -3] 3 5 been obtained in a pure state. It can be prepared by treatment of P S q with ammonia and subsequent heating of the intermediate... 

Millers, T. Vitola, A. Inorganic Compounds of Phosphorus with Nitrogen ... 

A. Analysis of Wastewater and Natural Waters. The presence of certain anions in wastewater effluents can cause deterioration of natural water systems. Phosphorous and nitrogen can be present in several chemical forms in wastewaters. Phosphorous is usually present as phosphate, polyphosphate and organically-bound phosphorus. The nitrogen compounds of interest in wastewater characterization are ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and organic nitrogen. Analyses are often based on titrimetric, and colorimetric methods (3). These methods are time consuming and subject to a number of interferences. Ion Chromatography can be used to determine low ppm concentrations of these ions in less than thirty minutes with no sample preparation. 

These compounds exist owing to the double valency of nitrogen and of phosphorus, which can function either as triad or pentad. Double valency is to be noticed also with oxygen and with sulphur, although with the former tetrad combinations are far from stable, while with the latter both dyad and tetrad compounds can be formed. 

Phosphorus, like nitrogen and the other members of the fifth group, has oxidation states ranging from —3 to +5. The principal compounds of phosphorus are indicated in the following chart ... 

We fool ourselves, however, if we dwell on energy alone. The uses of all natural resources are intertwined. Oil is of little use without engines built of iron, copper, zinc, and other metals. Farmlands will yield maximum crops only if they are tilled by tractors emd plows and fertilized with compounds of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium. A failure in the supply of one resource will inevitably influence the use of others. Viewing the panoply of natural resources, we see that one group, metals, occupies a unique position. Without metals we could not build machines to replace human muscle. Without metals we could use little of the available energy. Metals are, in effect, the enzymes of industry. If supplies of metals are limited, then society must ultimately be limited too. It is my contention that the distribution of the chemical elements in nature means, inevitably, that there are natural limits to supplies of metals, and that these limits are much more important to the future of society than limits on energy. I also contend that, with sufficient work, the limits can be predicted. It is the piu-pose of this paper, therefore, to explore briefly the way metals occur and to attempt to place in perspective the limitations they may ultimately impose on us. 

Many of these ring systems are actually known (see Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compound. The phosphorus-nitrogen analog of cyclobutadiene deserves a special citation, because - unlike its organic (carbon) analog - it can be isolated as stable compound. 

Soon thereafter, Kolbe s comrade-in-arms, Frankland, submitted for publication a landmark paper that, similar to Brodie s and Hofmann s work, pointed toward serious anomalies in the copula theory. As a master (indeed, the founder) of organometallic chemistry, Frankland adduced examples of reactions that indicated that tin, zinc, mercury, antimony, arsenic, phosphorus, and nitrogen exhibit fixed maximum combining capacities with other atoms or radicals. Arsenic and antimony, for instance, seem to combine only with three or with five equivalents of other atoms or radicals. If the maximum capacity is reached, then only substitution, not addition, of other components can occur. Frankland had turned he now allied himself with the ammonia type theory of Hofmann and Wurtz, for the semimetals antimony and arsenic seemed to follow exactly the pattern established by the new organic nitrogen compounds of the latter chemists. The theory of copulas, he declared, could no longer be maintained. ... 

Many compounds of phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen have now been reported but the picture as to which species can exist has still not been made completely clear. No doubt it will include many polymeric varieties. 

Table 22.8 hsts uses of some compounds of nitrogen (and of phosphorus, discussed in the next section). 

Configurations of organic phosphorus compounds are more stable compared with their nitrogen equivalents [79]. Numerous optically active compounds of phosphorus with different coordination numbers were obtained. Optically active phosphines and diphosphines are also available commercially (e.g methyl-cyclohexylphenylphosphine — PAMP fe/y[(2-methoxyphenyl)phenylphosphino] ethane — DIPAMP l,2-fct5 (2,5-di-/ -phospholano)ethane — DuPHOS) (Figure 2.30). 

Chlorine reacts with most elements, both metals and non-metals except carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, forming chlorides. Sometimes the reaction is catalysed by a trace of water (such as in the case of copper and zinc). If the element attacked exhibits several oxidation states, chlorine, like fluorine, forms compounds of high oxidation state, for example iron forms iron(III) chloride and tin forms tin(IV) chloride. Phosphorus, however, forms first the trichloride, PCI3, and (if excess chlorine is present) the pentachloride PCI5. 

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