Nitration, factors affecting

Factors affecting the rate of nitration of DNT TNT will be discussed in Section VIII Urbanski (Ref 74) lists several processes for die batchwise manufacture of TNT (eg, the French , British , USSR etc). All of them are essentially similar with only minor differences in MA comp ns and methods of separating the crude TNT from its spent acid. These processes hav been largely replaced by continuous nitration techniques. The Biazzi and Bofors continuous processes for the manuf of TNT are described briefly under Continuous Methods of Manufacturing Explosives in Vol 3, CS01-L. 

The other factor affecting the use of organic nitrates is nitrate tolerance, the mechanism of which is unclear. An early explanation of tolerance was thiol depletion [68] but that now seems unlikely as their is an abundance of thiol in most tissue [69]. A more likely explanation is down regulation of the enzymes involved in the biotransformation but few details are available. An interesting suggestion is that GTN induces increased production of superoxide from the vascular wall and tolerance is caused by reaction of NO, produced enzymatically from GTN, with superoxide to give peroxynitrite and then nitrate [70] (Eq. (16)). 

Baker CJ, Maltby E. 1995. Nitrate removal by river marginal wetlands factors affecting the provision of a suitable denitrification environment. In Hughes JMR, Heath-waite AL, eds. Hydrology and Hydrochemistry of British Wetlands. Chichester Wiley, 291-313. 

B. J. Thomson and A. M. Wild, "Factors Affecting the Rate of Burning of a Titantium - Strontium Nitrate Based Composition," Proceeding of Pyrochem International 1975, Pyrotechnics Branch, Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment, United Kingdom, July, 1975. 

To emphasize the importance of diffusion into the solid phase as a factor affecting the nitration of cellulose, an observation of Hackel and T. Urbanski [79] (see... 

Candela, M. 1., Fisher, E. G., and Hewitt, E. J. (1957). Molybdenum as a plant nutrient. X. Some factors affecting the activity of nitrate reductase in cauliflower plants grown with different nitrogen sources and molybdenum levels in sand culture. Plant Physiol. 32 280-8. 

EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF FACTORS AFFECTING LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE NITRATE. 

Lafei, Ali, K. GClrtiz, andH. Yiicel. 1988. Investigation of Factors Affecting Caking Tendency of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer and Coating Experiments, Fertilizer Research, 18(l) 63-70. 

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