Nicotines Dependence Liability

More complex procedures for unmasking drug dependence liability could involve assessment of acquired positive reinforcing effects as a result of repeated treatment. Induction of conditioned place preference (see below) has been reported with different substances, for example nicotine (Shoaib et al. 1994), after the animals have been pre-exposed to repeated treatment with the substance, whereas no conditioned place preference can be induced with the same substances in the absence of pretreatment. 

Nicotine s Dependence Liability Effects of Chronic Tobacco Use Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Diseases Linked to Cigarette Smoking Other Tobacco Products and Health Passive Smoking... 

Pharmacological, psychological, and social/ environmental factors combine to make nicotine a drug with high dependence liability. The major motivator in continuing tobacco use is nicotine. 

Nicotine s dependence liability is high, and how its chronic use affects health is widely known. Why, then,... 

Schneider NG, Jarvik ME, Forsythe AB (1984) Nicotine vs, placebo gum in the alleviation of withdrawal during smoking cessation. Addict Behav 9 149-156 Schuh KJ, Schuh LM, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML (1997) Nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler abuse liability assessment. Psychopharmacology 130 352-361 Schuster CR, Henningfield J (2003) Conference on abuse liability assessment of CNS drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend 70 S1-S4... 

Heimingfield JE, London ED, Jaffe JH (1987) Nicotine reward studies of abuse liability and physical dependence potential. In Orleand L, Engel J (eds) Brain reward systems and abuse. Raven Press, New York, pp 147-164... 

Answer B. Buspirone has selective anxiolytic activity that is slow in onset The drug has no abuse liability and will not suppress withdrawal symptoms in patients who have become physically dependent on barbiturates, benzodiazepines, or ethanol. Bupropion is an antidepressant, also approved for management of dependence on nicotine. Baclofen is a spinal cord muscle relaxant that activates GABAfi receptors. Buprenorphine is a long-acting opioid analgesic with no effectiveness in GAD, and butabarbital is a barbiturate that may cause dependence. 

---