Nicol polarizer

Figure 2. Cotton s experimental apparatus for measuring absorption coefficients for left-and right-circularly polarized light. p1 incoherent source Lj, L2, focusing lenses Nj, N2, Nicol polarizing prisms M2, limiting apertures Fj, F2, quarter-wave Fresnel rhombs S, sample cell p2, location for light detection (visual). From ref. [2].

The following diagram, given as 2.4.4. on the next page, illustrates how these would look under polarized light (the Faraday effect) using crossed Nicol polarizers. (The black and white parts are domains of opposite poljuity). 

This is because the polymer fibers and walls are formed in the molecular-aligned solution by oriented polymerization in the rubbing direction. Therefore, no birefringence of the formed polymer occurs under crossed Nicol polarizers, and a good contrast characteristic is easily obtained with suppressed black level in the off-state. 

A half-shadow polarimeter (Lippich type) is illustrated diagram-maticaUy in Fig. Ill, 169, 1. Here two polarized rays are produced by means of the main Nicol prism P and a smaU Nicol prism P the latter... 

The polarimeter essentially consists of two Nicol prisms, one the polarizer and the other the analyser with a sample tube kept in between them which contains the substance (a liquid or a solution) to be examined. 

The solvent Stark term developed by Baur and Nicols 9) reflects the same qualitative interactions as the reaction field term, however, it concerns the situation when the solute is less polar (in the ideal case non-polar) than the surrounding solvent. Correlations with Stark effects are usually recognized as linear relations to the term... 

When polymer solids are produced from their melts, the most common structures are these spherulites that can be seen by the naked eye and viewed as Maltese crosslike structures with polarized light and crossed Nicol prisms under a microscope. 

Figure 12.4. (a) X-ray topograph, (b) polarization photomicrograph (crossed Nicols), and (c) reflection photomicrograph after etching treatment of the same section prepared perpendicular to the c-axis of a beryl crystal, (d) Polarization photomicrograph of similar section of another sample [1]. 

Figure 1. Pitch coke 500°C., 75% l.t., optical microscopy by reflection on block from microtome X 900 photomontage (a) polarized light without analyzer (b) optical photos taken between crossed nicols...

When light is passed through a polarizer such as a calcite Nicol prism, the electric vector is parallel to the plane of polarization. The electric vector transforms in different ways when the polarized light is transmitted through a single crystal of a mineral, depending on its crystal symmetry. 

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