Neutral Electrolytes for Pseudocapacitors

Similar mechanisms have been proposed for other metal oxide-based pseudocapacitive materials, such as molybdenum oxide [202,203]. Since ions of electrolytes 

FIGURE 2.18 Dependence of capacitance on the salt concentration. (Reprinted from Journal of Power Sources, 196, Xu, C. J. et al., Charge storage mechanism of manganese dioxide for capacitor application Effect of the mild electrolytes containing alkaline and alkaline-earth metal cations, 7854-7859, Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier.) 

FIGURE 2.19 Structure, abbreviation, and cosmo volume evaluated by CosmothermX interface of studied anion (X ) in lithium salt (LiX). (Reprinted with permission from Boisset, A. et al. 2013. Comparative performances of birnessite and cryptomelane Mn02 as electrode material in neutral aqueous lithium salt for supercapacitor application. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117 7408-7422. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.) 

FIGURE 2.21 Capacitance retention (CCq ), normalized based on the capacitance of the second cycle (Cq), versus cycle number for the ES cells either with (O) or without (A) Ti(IV) in the electrolyte (1 M KCl scan rate = 50 mV s )- (Reprinted from Electrochemistry Communications, 13, Ataherian, F., and N. L. Wu, 1.2 Volt manganese oxide syimnetric supercapacitor, 1264-1267, Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier.) 

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