Contour, neutral

The selection of cord materials for belts and plies in a tire and the associated physical locations lend themselves to further FEA analysis. If one takes an inflated nonbelted tire, the ply cords, whether they are in a single-ply casing or multiple-bias-ply construction, will assume a configuration that minimizes strain within the composite. The resulting cord path is termed the neutral contour. Belted tires introduce a restriction to the inflated diameter of the tire, and the neutral contour or plyline of such systems is consequently altered. 

Figures 18-36, 18-37, and 18-38 show some approaches. Figure 18-36 shows velocity vectors for an A310 impeller. Figure 18-37 shows contours of kinetic energy of turbulence. Figure 18-38 uses a particle trajectory approach with neutral buoyancy particles.

Figure 1. The charge-density difference (bonding charge density) between NiaX and the superposition of neutral Ni and X atomic charge densities on the (001) planes for (a) X = A1 and (b) X = Si. The solid (dotted) contours denote contours of increased (decreased) density as atoms are brought together to form the NiaX (X = Al, Si) crystal. Contours start from 4.0 X 10 e/(a.u.) cind increase successively by a factor of root 2.

Fig. 5. Contour plot of the adiabatic potential-energy surface of an H atom in the (110) plane for the neutral H—B pair from a local-density pseudopotential calculation. The boron atom is at the center. For every hydrogen position, the B and Si atoms are allowed to relax, but only unrelaxed positions are indicated in the figure (Reprinted with permission from the American Physical Society, Denteneer, P.J.H., Van de Walle, C.G., and Pantelides, S.T. (1989). Phys. Rev. B 39, 10809.)...

Fig. 7. (a) Contour plot of the charge density in the (110) plane through the atoms for neutral H at the bond center. The Si atoms in their relaxed positions are indicated with black dots and connected with solid lines. Dashed lines connect the unrelaxed atomic positions. The contour interval is 50 units are electrons per unit cell (for a supercell containing 1 H and 32 Si atoms), (b) Contour plot of the difference between spin-up and spin-down densities in the (110) plane through the atoms for neutral H at the bond center. The contour interval is 2.5 electrons/(unit cell). (Reprinted with permission from the American Physical Society, Van de Walle et al., 1989.)... 

The second example depicted in Scheme 3.64 is the trioxotriphenylamine cation-radical. Kuratsu et al. (2005) compared structures of the cation-radical and its neutral counterpart. The neutral compound has a shallow bowl structure, whereas the cation-radical has a planar structure. In the latter, spin delocalization embraces a whole molecular contour, involving the oxygen atoms. This contribntes to the cation-radical stability. (The solid species is easily formed after oxidation of the neutral parent compound with tris(p-bromophenyl)aminiumyl hexafluorophosphate in methylene... 

FIG. 11.11 Electron-density difference maps on Li2BeF4 calculated with all reflections < sin 6/1 = 0.9 A"1 (81 K). (a) Based on the neutral atom procrystal model, (b) based on the ionic model. Contour levels are drawn at intervals of 0.045 eA"3.1 Full lines for positive density, dashed lines for negative and zero density. The standard deviation, estimated from [2Lff2(F0)]1/2N, is 0.015 eA-3. Source Seiler and Dunitz (1986). 

Injection of animal insulin preparations sometimes led to atrophy of subcutaneous fatty tissue at the site of injection. This type of immune complication is almost never seen ever since the development of human and analog insulin preparations of neutral pH. Injection of these newer preparations directly into the atrophic area often results in restoration of normal contours. 

A recent XRD study of CL/DNA complexes has revealed that the addition of linear lambda-phage DNA (48, 502 bp, contour length=16.5 pm) (Raedler et al., 1997) or plasmid DNA (Lin et al., 2000) to binary mixtures of cationic liposomes (mean diameter of 70 nm), consisting of mixtures of neutral lipid DOPC and cationic DOTAP, induces a topological transition from liposomes into collapsed condensates in the form of optically birefringent liquid crystalline (LC) globules with sizes on the order of 1pm. 

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