Nautical charts

Marine navigation tools are necessary to ensure safe and efficient marine transportation and commerce, offshore engineering projects, naval operations, and recreational activities. The Office of Coast Survey (OCS), which is part of NOAA s National Ocean Service (NOS), is responsible for providing tools such as nautical charts and hydrographic surveys. 

NOS collects marine hydrographic data (depth soundings) to construct and maintain more than 1,000 nautical charts. In addition, NOS makes available an historical map and chart collection—more than 20,000 maps and charts dating from the late 1700s. The collection includes nautical charts, hydrographic surveys, topographic surveys, geodetic surveys, city plans, and Civil War battle maps. 

Deep-water (ocean) hydrographic surveys are made from ships as shown in Fig. 10-1, whereas shallow protected waters (bays, inlets, tidal rivers) are surveyed using launches as shown in Fig. 10-2. 

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Transportation maps such as nautical and aviation charts are of critical importance to the safe movement of ships and aircraft. Within the United States, the National Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) publishes four types of nautical charts general, sailing, coast, and harbor charts. The Federal Aviation Administration publishes several aviation charts, including the world aeronautical charts at a scale of 1 1,000,000 and sectional charts that represent smaller areas in greater... 

Prior to the development of electronic instruments such as radio, radar, and Global Positioning System (GPS), the determination of one s position was accomplished using a sextant. The sextant was able to pinpoint one s location accurately by measuring the angular distance between the horizon and a celestial object. Repeated sightings were plotted on a nautical chart. This method was suitable for ships and propeller aircraft. 

Loran. Loran is an acronym for long-range navigation. The system relies on land-based low-frequency radio transmitters. The device calculates a ship s position by the time difference between the receipt of signals from two radio transmitters. The device can display a line of position, which can be plotted on a nautical chart. Most lorans convert the data into longitude and latitude. Since GPS became available, the use of loran has markedly declined. 

Map and nautical chart papers are wood-free, dimensionally stable, and are used for printing of maps and sea charts (basis weights from 70 to 120 g m" ). 

The U.S. Aids to Navigations System is intended for use with nautical charts, one of the most important tools used by vessel operators for planning trips and safely navigating waterways. Such charts show the nature and shape of the coast, buoys and beacons, depths of water, land features, directional information, marine hazards, and other pertinent information. 

The U.S. Coast Pilot consists of a series of nautical books that cover information important to navigators of coastal and intercoastal waters and the Great Lakes. Issued in nine volumes, these books contain supplemental information that is difficult to portray on a nautical chart. 

Interface of model is typical 2D nautical chart -like interface (Fig. 5). The interface covers information of ships state (position, course speed, yaw etc), quay and shore line location, navigational markings, soundings, external conditions, tug and line control and control elements of the model. The model is implemented in Object Pascal with use of Delphi environment and Visual C with use of C++ language. 

NO/VA 2014. Office of the Chief Information Officer, FT Security Office, 15 Sept. 2014, https //www.csp. noaa.gov/ NO/VA 2014a. NOAA Office of Coast Survey, Navigation Industry Day, 10 October 2014, Annapolis, MD OCS 2014. NOAA Office of Coast Survey, Nautical Charts and Pubs, Symbols for AIS ATON. http //www.nautical charts.noaa.gov/mcd/updates/ais aton.html Radgowski 2014. Capts. J. Rogowski and K. Tiongson, Cyberspace-the Imminent Operational Domain, Coast Gworr/Proceei/z/igs, Winter 2014-2015, pg. 18. 

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