Narrow model range

Because of the relatively small number of experiments done on commercial-scale equipment before submission, and the often very narrow factor ranges (Hi/Lo might differ by only 5-10%), if conditions are not truly under control, high-level models (multi-variate regressions, principal components analysis, etc.) will pick up spurious signals due to noise and unrecognized drift. For example, Fig. 4.43 summarizes the yields achieved for... 

NFS spectra of the molecular glass former ferrocene/dibutylphthalate (FC/DBP) recorded at 170 and 202 K are shown in Fig. 9.12a [31]. It is clear that the pattern of the dynamical beats changes drastically within this relatively narrow temperature range. The analysis of these and other NFS spectra between 100 and 200 K provides/factors, the temperature dependence of which is shown in Fig. 9.12b [31]. Up to about 150 K,/(T) follows the high-temperature approximation of the Debye model (straight line within the log scale in Fig. 9.12b), yielding a Debye tempera-ture 6x) = 41 K. For higher temperatures, a square-root term / v/(r, - T)/T,... 

Model predictive control is concerned with continuous feedback of information with the objective of reducing the variability of product quality by changing the set points (narrowing the range) in a plant control loop." By nsing model predictive control, projections on batch quality can be made and midstream corrections made to keep a batch within the target limits of the process. 

In addition, DOCs are also capable of reducing NOx, under certain conditions. Early work on these lean NOx catalysts concentrated on Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts (Amiridis et al., 1996 Walker, 1995), but platinum (Amiridis et al., 1996 Burch and Millington, 1995) and silver (Breen and Burch, 2006) -based catalysts, with better hydrothermal resistance than the zeolite systems, are also available. Unfortunately, NOx reduction under lean conditions only occurs over a narrow temperature range and therefore modelling can aid in optimisation of the catalyst and emissions system. 

In the notation used here, congruently melting, narrow-homogeneity-range compounds form in the A-C and B-C binaries of the A-B-C system. These are, of course, the Ga-Sb and In-Sb binaries for the Ga-In-Sb system and the Hg-Te and Cd-Te binaries for the Hg-Cd-Te system. For these binaries it is desired to apply the auxiliary conditions of Eqs. (16) and (17) as well as fit other experimental data before fitting the liquidus lines and then the ternary data. For this purpose it is necessary to carry the development of the model somewhat further. At the same time some insight into the behavior of the model can be attained. We show this development specifically for the A-C or... 

We have described several properties of aqueous solutions, some of which appear anomalous. It is now appropriate to discuss briefly what bearing these observations have on the degree and nature of involvement of the water structure in ion hydration. Specifically, are the observed concentration-dependent anomalies determined by the nature of the hydrated structures or are they manifestations of structural changes, induced by the ions, in the pure solvent The information which we have discussed also bears on the question of which model of hydration is most likely to be correct—the Frank-Wen (48) model or that of Samoilov (115). Some anomalies are amazingly abrupt. Vaslows occur over rather narrow concentration ranges, and those observed by Zagorets, Ermakov and Grunau are even sharper. Sharp transitions could be ex-... 

Every model, as an approximate representation of an actual phenomenon, has limitations that constrain its use and narrow its range of applicability. Generally, a more complete model contains fewer simplifications that imply more freedom and fewer limitations. However, fewer simplifications imply the need to know a larger number of fundamental parameters, to be extracted, in general, from experiments, which in fire science, often are associated to significant uncertainties. There has to be a consideration also toward whether the model has been validated for the particular circumstances of interest. 

The electric current response, in terms of peak position, multiplicity and intensity, of CO stripping voltammograms recorded on supported platinum nanoparticles is heavily discussed in the literature. The electro-oxidation of CO is a complex reaction, as it is evidenced by the multiplicity of the voltammetric oxidation peaks which are recorded in a relatively narrow potential range. This multiplicity of peak was also observed for continuous bulk CO oxidation and studied using electrochemical and UV-visible potential modulated reflectance spectroscopy, and was shown to be dependent on the CO admission potential. For example, the vol-tammogram of CO stripping presented in Fig. 2, recorded at a Pt (40 wt %) /C catalyst prepared via the water in oil method,displays at least three oxidation peaks a prepeak centered close to 0.6 V, a second peak well defined close to 0.755 V and a third one close to 0.820 V vs. RHE. Several models were proposed to explain the multiplicity of peak. 

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